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# Minkowski, Hermann

Minkowski, Hermann, 1864-1909, Russian mathematician. He was educated in Germany and was professor at the Univ. of Königsberg (1894-96), the Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (1896-1902), and the Univ. of Göttingen (1902-9). He is well known for use of geometric methods in the theory of numbers and for having evolved a four-dimensional geometry of space and time that influenced the formulation of the general theory of relativity. He also contributed to the theory of quadratic forms.
In mathematics, Minkowski's theorem is the statement that any convex set in Rn which is symmetric with respect to the origin and with volume greater than 2n contains a non-zero lattice point. The theorem was proved by Hermann Minkowski in 1889 and became the foundation of the branch of number theory called geometry of numbers.

## Formulation

Suppose that L is a lattice of determinant d(L) in the n-dimensional real vector space Rn and S is a convex subset of Rn that is symmetric with respect to the origin, meaning that if x is in S then −x is also in S. Minkowski's theorem states that if the volume of S is strictly greater than 2n d(L), then S must contain at least one lattice point other than the origin.

## Example

The simplest example of a lattice is the set Zn of all points with integer coefficients; its determinant is 1. For n = 2 the theorem claims that a convex figure in the plane symmetric about the origin and with area greater than 4 encloses at least one lattice point in addition to the origin. The area bound is sharp: if S is the interior of the square with vertices (±1, ±1) then S is symmetric and convex, has area 4, but the only lattice point it contains is the origin. This observation generalizes to every dimension n.

## Proof

The following argument proves Minkowski's theorem for the special case of n =  2. It can be trivially generalized to arbitrary lattices in arbitrary dimensions.

Consider the map $f: S to mathbb\left\{R\right\}^2, \left(x,y\right) mapsto \left(x bmod 2, y bmod 2\right)$. Intuitively, this map cuts the plane into 2 by 2 squares, then stacks the squares on top of each other. Clearly $f\left(S\right)$ has area ≤ 4. Suppose f were injective. Then each of the stacked squares would be non-overlapping, so f would be area-preserving, and the area of f(S) would be greater than 4, since S has area greater than 4. That is not the case, so $f\left(p_1\right) = f\left(p_2\right)$ for some pair of points $p_1, p_2$ in S. Moreover, we know from the definition of f that $p_2 = p_1 + \left(2i, 2j\right)$ for some integers i and j, where i and j are not both zero.

Then since S is symmetric about the origin, $-p_1$ is also a point in S. Since S is convex, the line segment between $-p_1$ and $p_2$ lies entirely in S, and in particular the midpoint of that segment lies in S. In other words,

$frac\left\{1\right\}\left\{2\right\}left\left(-p_1 + p_2right\right) = frac\left\{1\right\}\left\{2\right\}left\left(-p_1 + p_1 + \left(2i, 2j\right)right\right) = \left(i, j\right)$

lies in S. (i,j) is a lattice point, and is not the origin since i and j are not both zero, and so we have found the point we're looking for.

## Applications

A corollary of this theorem is the fact that every class in the ideal class group of a number field K contains an integral ideal of norm not exceeding a certain bound, depending on K, called Minkowski's bound.