Megaproject

A megaproject is an extremely large-scale investment project. Megaprojects are typically defined as costing more than US$1 billion and attracting a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets. Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public. Care in the project development process may be needed to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.

Megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.

Examples

Some examples of megaprojects are:

Aerospace projects

• Airbus A380
• B-2 Spirit
• Boeing 747
• Eurofighter Typhoon
• F-22 Raptor
• Joint Strike Fighter
• KH-11 reconnaissance satellite

Airport projects

• Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, People's Republic of China
• Denver International Airport, Denver, Colorado, USA.
• Dubai International Airport, Dubai, UAE
• Delhi International Airport, New Delhi, India
• Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea
• Dubai World Central International Airport, Jebel Ali, UAE
• Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
• Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5, London, UK
• Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong, China
• Kansai International Airport, Japan
• Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia
• Long Thanh International Airport, Vietnam
• Macau International Airport, Macau, China
• Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montréal, Québec, Canada
• O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, USA
• Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
• Riga International Airport, Riga, Latvia
• San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California, USA
• Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand
• Toronto Pearson International Airport, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• New Doha International Airport, Doha, Qatar

Building projects

• Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea
• Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, USA
• Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain
• Moscow City, Russian Federation
• King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia
• McCormick Place, Chicago, USA
• Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania
• Esplanada City Center, Bucharest, Romania
• Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
• Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Sydney Opera House, Australia
• David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
• U.S. Steel Clairton Works, Clairton, Pennsylvania, USA
• Doha Convention Centre and Tower, Doha, Qatar
• Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
• King AbdulAziz Endowment, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
• Dallas Cowboys New Stadium, the new superstadium for the Dallas Cowboys American football team in Arlington Texas, USA
• Wembley Stadium, London, UK
• Millennium Dome, London, UK
• London Eye, London, UK

Canal projects

• Danube-Black Sea Canal, Romania
• Grand Korean Waterway
• Niagara Tunnel Project
• Panama Canal and Panama Canal expansion project, Panama
• Suez Canal, Egypt

Dam Projects

• Three Gorges Dam
• Hoover Dam
• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Aswan Dam
• Tarbela Dam
• Tarniţa - Lăpuşteşti Dam, Romania
• Itaipu

Defense Projects

• Great Wall of China
• Maginot Line
• Hadrian's Wall, UK
• Strategic Defense Initiative (never fully implemented)
• Manhattan Project and other nuclear weapons programs, including the one that built the Tsar Bomba
• Trident missile SLBM system USA and UK

International Sports infrastructure projects

• Cricket World Cup
• FIFA World Cup
• Olympic Games
• Rugby World Cup

IT projects

• Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
• National Programme for IT for England's National Health Service
• Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
• IBM 360

Oil and Gas projects

• Athabasca Tar Sands
• Corrib Gas Project
• Hibernia
• Sakhalin-I
• Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

Port projects

• Port of Rotterdam
• Yangshan port.

Rail and rapid transit projects

• Mandurah railway line, Perth, Perth, Western Australia
• Beijing Subway, Beijing, China
• Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, China
• Bucharest Metro, Bucharest, Romania
• Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
• Extension of Line 1 Lima Metro
• Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• North West Metro between the CBD and Northwestern suburbs of Sydney, Australia
• Channel tunnel between France and the UK
• Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria
• Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland.
• Great Belt Fixed Link, Denmark.
• Jubilee Line Extension on the London Underground and Crossrail, UK
• Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus.
• Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China
• Delhi Metro in New Delhi
• Seikan Tunnel in Japan
• Metrorail, Washington, D.C., USA
• Transcontinental railroads (although many were built by the private sector, they were nonetheless huge and notable undertakings and so deserve a place on the list).
• High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International, London, UK

Road traffic projects

• A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia
• A3 motorway (Romania) between Braşov and Oradea
• A4 motorway (Romania) between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş
• Bundesautobahn 20, Germany
• Central Artery/Tunnel Project ("Big Dig"), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
• Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China
• Fehmarn Belt bridge and its connections on land
• Interstate Highway System, United States of America
• National Highways Development Project, India
• Oresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel, Malmö.
• Gibraltar tunnel between Morocco and Spain
• Hsuehshan tunnel,between Taipei, Taiwan and Yilan, China
• The Appian Way and Roman road system of antiquity
• M25 motorway, United Kingdom
• Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal, Europe's largest bridge.
• Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway, Singapore

Science projects

• International Space Station, in Low Earth orbit
• ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France
• Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland and France
• Manhattan Project, in the United States
• Project Apollo
• Project Constellation, planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement
• Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 30 TeV particle accelerator

Urban projects

• Expo 98/Park of the Nations in Lisbon, Portugal
• Iskandar Development Region in Johor, Malaysia
• La Défense in Paris, France
• Moscow-City in Moscow, Russia
• Okhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia
• Project CityCenter in Las Vegas, USA
• The Paradise Project in Liverpool, UK
• Titanic Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland
• New Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea
• Navi Mumbai in India
• Lusail City, Doha, Qatar
• The demolition of Tenochtitlan and conversion of it into Mexico City

Water infrastructure projects

• State Water Project, California
• Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago
• Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago
• Delta Works, Netherlands
• Great Manmade River, Libya
• Saemangeum Seawall, South Korea
• East Bay Municipal Utility District wet weather overflow project, Oakland, California, USA
• HaMovil HaArtzi (National Water Carrier), Israel
• Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project, Iceland
• MOSE Project, Venice, Italy
• New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, New York, New York
• Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Snowy Mountains Scheme river diversion, irrigation, dam and hydro-electric project, New South Wales/Victoria, Australia
• South-North Water Transfer Project, China
• Thames Tideway Scheme, London, United Kingdom
• Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom

See also

• Cost overrun
• Megaprojects and risk
• Megastructure
• Optimism bias
• Reference class forecasting

References

External links

• What is a megaproject?
• Borovoye-Biocity - megaproject for Kazakhstan