Definitions

# Maurer–Cartan form

In mathematics, the Maurer–Cartan form for a Lie group G is a distinguished differential one-form on G that carries within itself the basic infinitesimal information about the structure of G. It was much used by Élie Cartan as a basic ingredient of his method of moving frames, and bears his name together with that of Ludwig Maurer.

As a one-form, the Maurer–Cartan form is peculiar in that it takes its values in the Lie algebra associated to the Lie group G. The Lie algebra is identified with the tangent space of G at the identity, denoted TeG. The Maurer–Cartan form ω is thus a one-form defined globally on G which is a linear mapping of the tangent space TgG at each gG into TeG. It is given as the pushforward of a vector in G along the left-translation in the group:

$omega\left(v\right) = \left(L_\left\{g^\left\{-1\right\}\right\}\right)_* v,quad vin T_gG.$

## Motivation and interpretation

A Lie group acts on itself by multiplication under the mapping
$Gtimes G ni \left(g,h\right) mapsto gh in G.$
A question of importance to Cartan and his contemporaries was how to identify a principal homogeneous space of G. That is, a manifold P identical to the group G, but without a fixed choice of unit element. This motivation came, in part, from Felix Klein's Erlangen programme where one was interested in a notion of symmetry on a space, where the symmetries of the space were motions were transformations forming a Lie group. The geometries of interest were homogeneous spaces G/H, but usually without a fixed choice of origin corresponding the coset eH.

A principal homogeneous space of G is a manifold P abstractly characterized by having a free and transitive action of G on P. The Maurer–Cartan form gives an appropriate infinitesimal characterization of the principal homogeneous space. It is a one-form defined on P satisfying an integrability condition known as the Maurer–Cartan equation. Using this integrability condition, it is possible to define the exponential map of the Lie algebra and in this way obtain, locally, a group action on P.

## Construction of the Maurer–Cartan form

### Intrinsic construction

Let $mathfrak\left\{g\right\}=T_eG$ be the tangent space of a Lie group $G$ at the identity (its Lie algebra). $G$ acts on itself by left translation
$L : G times G to G$
such that for a given $g in G$ we have

$L_g : G to G quad mbox\left\{where\right\} quad L_g\left(h\right) = gh,$

and this induces a map of the tangent bundle to itself

$\left(L_g\right)_*:T_hGto T_\left\{gh\right\}G.$
A left-invariant vector field is a section $X$ of $TG$ such that

$\left(L_g\right)_\left\{*\right\}X = X quad forall quad g in G.$

The Maurer–Cartan form $omega$ is a $mathfrak\left\{g\right\}$-valued one-form on $G$ defined on vectors $vin T_g G$ by the formula

$omega\left(v\right)=\left(L_\left\{g^\left\{-1\right\}\right\}\right)_*v.$

### Extrinsic construction

If $G$ is embedded in $GL\left(n\right)$ by a matrix valued mapping $g=\left(g_\left\{i,j\right\}\right)$, then one can write $omega$ explicitly as

$omega = g^\left\{-1\right\} ,dg.$

In this sense, the Maurer–Cartan form is always the left logarithmic derivative of the identity map of $G$.

### Characterization as a connection

The Maurer–-Cartan form can also be characterized abstractly as a kind of principal connection. It is the unique g = TeG valued 1-form on G satisfying

# $omega_e = \left(hbox\left\{the identity\right\}\right) : T_eGrightarrow \left\{mathfrak g\right\},text\left\{ and\right\}$
# $omega_g = \left(R_h\right)^*omega = Ad\left(h^\left\{-1\right\}\right)omega,text\left\{ where \right\}h=g^\left\{-1\right\},$

and $\left(R_h\right)^*$ is the pullback of forms along the right-translation in the group Ad(h-1) is the adjoint action on the Lie algebra.

## Properties

If $X$ is a left-invariant vector field on $G$, then $omega\left(X\right)$ is constant on $G$. Furthermore, if $X$ and $Y$ are both left-invariant, then

$omega\left(\left[X,Y\right]\right)=\left[omega\left(X\right),omega\left(Y\right)\right]$

where the bracket on the left-hand side is the Lie bracket of vector fields, and the bracket on the right-hand side is the bracket on the Lie algebra $mathfrak\left\{g\right\}$. (This may be used as the definition of the bracket on $mathfrak\left\{g\right\}$.) These facts may be used to establish an isomorphism of Lie algebras

$mathfrak\left\{g\right\}=T_eGcong \left\{hbox\left\{left-invariant vector fields on G\right\}\right\}.$

By the definition of the exterior derivative, if $X$ and $Y$ are arbitrary vector fields then

$domega\left(X,Y\right)=X\left(omega\left(Y\right)\right)-Y\left(omega\left(X\right)\right)-omega\left(\left[X,Y\right]\right).$

Here ω(Y) is the $mathfrak\left\{g\right\}$-valued function obtained by duality from pairing the one-form ω with the vector field Y, and X(ω(Y)) is the Lie derivative of this function along X. Similarly Y(ω(X)) is the Lie derivative along Y of the $mathfrak\left\{g\right\}$-valued function ω(X).

In particular, if $X$ and $Y$ are left-invariant, then

$X\left(omega\left(Y\right)\right)=Y\left(omega\left(X\right)\right)=0,$

so

$domega\left(X,Y\right)+\left[omega\left(X\right),omega\left(Y\right)\right]=0$

but the left-hand side is simply a 2-form, so the equation does not rely on the fact that $X$ and $Y$ are left-invariant. The conclusion follows that the equation is true for any pair of vector fields $X$ and $Y$. This is known as the Maurer–Cartan equation. It is often written as

$domega + frac\left\{1\right\}\left\{2\right\}\left[omega,omega\right]=0.$

## Maurer–Cartan frame

One can also view the Maurer–Cartan form as being constructed from a Maurer–Cartan frame. Let Ei be a basis of sections of TG consisting of left-invariant vector fields, and θj be the dual basis of sections of T*G such that θj(Ei) = δij, the Kronecker delta. Then Ei is a Maurer–Cartan frame, and θi is a Maurer–Cartan coframe.

Since Ei is left-invariant, applying the Maurer–Cartan form to it simply returns the value of Ei at the identity. Thus ω(Ei) = Ei(e) ∈ g. Thus, the Maurer–Cartan form can be written

$omega=sum_iE_i\left(e\right)otimestheta^i$ (1).

Suppose that the Lie brackets of the vector fields Ei are given by

$\left[E_i,E_j\right]=sum_kc_\left\{ij\right\}^kE_k.$
The quantities cijk are constant, and called the structure constants of the Lie algebra (relative to the basis Ei). A simple calculation, using the definition of the exterior derivative d, yields
$dtheta^i\left(E_j,E_k\right) = -theta^i\left(\left[E_j,E_k\right]\right) = -sum_r c_\left\{jk\right\}^rtheta^i\left(E_r\right),$
so that by duality
$dtheta^i=-sum_\left\{jk\right\} c_\left\{jk\right\}^itheta^jwedgetheta^k$ (2).
This equation is also often called the Maurer–Cartan equation. To relate it to the previous definition, which only involved the Maurer–Cartan form ω, take the exterior derivative of (1):
$domega = sum_i E_i\left(e\right)otimes dtheta^i,=,-sum_\left\{ijk\right\}c_\left\{jk\right\}^iE_i\left(e\right)otimestheta^jwedgetheta^k.$
The frame components are given by
$domega\left(E_j,E_k\right) = -sum_i c_\left\{jk\right\}^iE_i\left(e\right) = -\left[E_j\left(e\right),E_k\left(e\right)\right]=-\left[omega\left(E_j\right),omega\left(E_k\right)\right],$
which establishes the equivalence of the two forms of the Maurer–Cartan equation.

## Maurer–Cartan form on a homogeneous space

Maurer–Cartan forms play an important role in Cartan's method of moving frames. In this context, one may view the Maurer–Cartan form as a 1-form defined on the tautological principal bundle associated to a homogeneous space. If H is a closed subgroup of G, then G/H is a smooth manifold of dimension dim G - dim H. The quotient map GG/H induces the structure of an H-principal bundle over G/H. The Maurer–Cartan form on the Lie group G yields a flat Cartan connection for this principal bundle. In particular, if H = {e}, then this Cartan connection is an ordinary connection form, and we have
$domega+omegawedgeomega=0$
which is the condition for the vanishing of the curvature.

In the method of moving frames, one sometimes considers a local section of the tautological bundle, say s : G/HG. (If working on a submanifold of the homogeneous space, then s need only be a local section over the submanifold.) The pullback of the Maurer–Cartan form along s defines a non-degenerate g-valued 1-form θ = s*ω over the base. The Maurer–Cartan equation implies that

$dtheta + frac\left\{1\right\}\left\{2\right\}\left[theta,theta\right]=0.$

Morever, if sU and sV are a pair of local sections defined, respectively, over open sets U and V, then they are related by an element of H in each fibre of the bundle:

$h_\left\{UV\right\}\left(x\right) = s_Vcirc s_U^\left\{-1\right\}\left(x\right),quad x in U cap V.$
The differential of h gives a compatibility condition relating the two sections on the overlap region:
$theta_V = Ad\left(h^\left\{-1\right\}_\left\{UV\right\}\right)theta_U + \left(h_\left\{UV\right\}\right)^* omega_H$
where ωH is the Maurer–-Cartan form on the group H.

A system of non-degenerate g-valued 1-forms θU defined on open sets in a manifold M, satisfying the Maurer–Cartan structural equations and the compatibility conditions endows the manifold M locally with the structure of the homogeneous space G/H. In other words, there is locally a diffeomorphism of M into the homogeneous space, such that θU is the pullback of the Maurer–Cartan form along some section of the tautological bundle. This is a consequence of the existence of primitives of the Darboux derivative.

## References

Search another word or see Maurer–Cartan_formon Dictionary | Thesaurus |Spanish