Velasco (Alvarado), Juan

(born June 16, 1910, Piura, Peru—died Dec. 24, 1977, Lima) President of Peru (1968–75). Commander in chief of the army, he came to power by overthrowing Pres. Fernando Belaúnde Terry. His government was unusual among military regimes for its reformist and populist character. He nationalized transportation, communications, and electric power and converted millions of acres of private farms into workers' cooperatives. He defied the U.S. in nationalizing U.S.-owned oil fields and capturing and fining U.S. boats fishing within Peru's 200-mi (322-km) coastal limit. He was deposed in 1975 because of discontent with his restrictions on political participation.

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(born June 27, 1899, Seabright, N.J., U.S.—died April 3, 1981, New York, N.Y.) U.S. airline founder. He served as a pilot in World War I. After graduating from Yale University in 1922, he promptly established an air taxi service using government-surplus aircraft. He next formed Colonial Air Transport, which began the first airmail route between New York City and Boston. In 1927 he founded Pan American World Airways. Under him the company introduced the first round-the-world air service (1947) and the first commercial jets (1955). He retired in 1968.

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officially Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Self-governing island commonwealth of the West Indies, in the northeastern Caribbean Sea; it is associated with the U.S. Area: 3,515 sq mi (9,104 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 3,912,000. Capital: San Juan. Most of the population is of Spanish descent, with significant minorities of people of African and mixed (African-European) descent. Languages: Spanish, English (both official). Religion: Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant). Currency: U.S. dollar. The island of Puerto Rico may be divided into three geographic regions: the mountainous interior, the northern plateau, and the coastal plains. It has a developing free-market economy, of which manufacturing, financial services, and trade (mostly with the U.S.) are the main components. Tourism is also an important source of income. Puerto Rico's chief of state is the U.S. president, and its head of government is the commonwealth governor. The island was inhabited by Arawak Indians when it was settled by the Spanish in the early 16th century. It remained largely undeveloped economically until the late 18th century. After 1830 it gradually developed a plantation economy based on the export crops of sugarcane, coffee, and tobacco. The independence movement began in the late 19th century, and Spain ceded the island to the U.S. in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship, and in 1952 the island became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs. Voters reaffirmed the island's commonwealth status in plebiscites in 1967, 1993, and (tacitly) 1998, but Puerto Rican statehood remained a political issue into the 21st century.

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City (pop., 2000: metro. area, 421,958), seaport, and capital of Puerto Rico. It was visited in 1508 by Juan Ponce de León and founded in the early 16th century by the Spanish. It became heavily fortified and was a starting point for expeditions to unknown parts of the New World. Several times it was attacked by the British, including Francis Drake in 1595. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, San Juan fell to the U.S. The city expanded rapidly in the 20th century and is one of the major ports and tourist resorts of the West Indies. Industries include petroleum and sugar refining, brewing, and distilling. San Juan is the commonwealth's financial capital and many U.S. banks and corporations maintain offices there. El Morro and San Cristóbal fortifications are among the city's historic remnants.

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(born circa 1283, Alcalá, Spain—died circa 1350) Spanish poet and cleric. Educated at Toledo, Ruiz was serving as a village archpriest when he finished his masterpiece, The Book of Good Love (1330, expanded 1343). Perhaps the most important long poem in medieval Spanish literature, it contains 12 narrative poems, each describing a different love affair. Its h1 refers to the distinction the author makes between the (good) love of God and carnal love. Drawing on material from an impressive range of literary and other sources, it presents a vigorous, high-spirited, satirical glimpse of medieval life.

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(born March 30, 1793, Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata—died March 14, 1877, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.) Argentinian military and political leader. Born to a wealthy family, Rosas emerged a federalist hero from the country's long civil war and was made governor of Buenos Aires in 1829. He left office in 1833 to pursue a war against the Indians, and in 1835 he again became governor of Buenos Aires, this time with dictatorial powers. He was the quintessential caudillo, a tyrant who cultivated a fiercely loyal personal following and ruled by intimidation and patronage. Despite his professed allegiance to federalism, he established central control over all of Argentina until he was finally overthrown in 1852 and forced to flee to England.

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Strait, North Pacific Ocean. Located between the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, U.S., and Canada's Vancouver Island, it is 11–17 mi (18–27 km) wide and 80–100 mi (130–160 km) long. It is named for a Greek who sailed in the service of Spain and who may have visited the passage in 1592. It is used by ships bound for Vancouver and Seattle. Settlements along its banks include Victoria, B.C., and Port Angeles, Wash.

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(born June 27, 1899, Seabright, N.J., U.S.—died April 3, 1981, New York, N.Y.) U.S. airline founder. He served as a pilot in World War I. After graduating from Yale University in 1922, he promptly established an air taxi service using government-surplus aircraft. He next formed Colonial Air Transport, which began the first airmail route between New York City and Boston. In 1927 he founded Pan American World Airways. Under him the company introduced the first round-the-world air service (1947) and the first commercial jets (1955). He retired in 1968.

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(born circa 1283, Alcalá, Spain—died circa 1350) Spanish poet and cleric. Educated at Toledo, Ruiz was serving as a village archpriest when he finished his masterpiece, The Book of Good Love (1330, expanded 1343). Perhaps the most important long poem in medieval Spanish literature, it contains 12 narrative poems, each describing a different love affair. Its h1 refers to the distinction the author makes between the (good) love of God and carnal love. Drawing on material from an impressive range of literary and other sources, it presents a vigorous, high-spirited, satirical glimpse of medieval life.

Learn more about Ruiz, Juan with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born March 30, 1793, Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata—died March 14, 1877, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.) Argentinian military and political leader. Born to a wealthy family, Rosas emerged a federalist hero from the country's long civil war and was made governor of Buenos Aires in 1829. He left office in 1833 to pursue a war against the Indians, and in 1835 he again became governor of Buenos Aires, this time with dictatorial powers. He was the quintessential caudillo, a tyrant who cultivated a fiercely loyal personal following and ruled by intimidation and patronage. Despite his professed allegiance to federalism, he established central control over all of Argentina until he was finally overthrown in 1852 and forced to flee to England.

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orig. José Victoriano González Pérez

(born March 23, 1887, Madrid, Spain—died May 11, 1927, Boulogne-sur-Seine, Fr.) Spanish painter active in Paris. He studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Manufactures (1902–04). In 1906 he moved to Paris and began producing drawings in the Art Nouveau style for newspapers. He became involved with the Cubist artists, notably Pablo Picasso, and soon developed his own version of Synthetic Cubism, a style more severe and calculated than that of other Cubists. His works, typically still lifes, are characterized by rigorously geometric compositions. His technique included the use of paper collage. He also produced sculpture, book illustrations, and sets and costumes for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

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(born June 30, 1909, La Vega, Dom. Rep.—died Nov. 1, 2001, Santo Domingo) Scholar, poet, and president of the Dominican Republic (1963). Bosch was raised in a lower-middle-class family. Dismayed by the brutality of the dictator Rafael Trujillo, he spent 24 years in exile but returned after Trujillo's death to build a leftist anticommunist movement. After winning the first free presidential election in 38 years, he instituted liberal constitutional changes, many of which benefited the country's poor. His reforms, however, alienated landholders and industrialists, and after only seven months in office Bosch was ousted in a military coup. When his supporters revolted against the ruling junta in 1965, U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, claiming that Bosch's followers were communists, sent troops to suppress the rebellion. Over the subsequent three decades, Bosch ran repeatedly but unsuccessfully for president.

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orig. José Victoriano González Pérez

(born March 23, 1887, Madrid, Spain—died May 11, 1927, Boulogne-sur-Seine, Fr.) Spanish painter active in Paris. He studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Manufactures (1902–04). In 1906 he moved to Paris and began producing drawings in the Art Nouveau style for newspapers. He became involved with the Cubist artists, notably Pablo Picasso, and soon developed his own version of Synthetic Cubism, a style more severe and calculated than that of other Cubists. His works, typically still lifes, are characterized by rigorously geometric compositions. His technique included the use of paper collage. He also produced sculpture, book illustrations, and sets and costumes for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

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(born Dec. 3, 1833, Puerto Príncipe, Cuba—died Aug. 20, 1915, Havana) Cuban epidemiologist. He is known for his discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito. Though he published experimental evidence in 1886, his ideas were ignored for nearly 20 years. He urged the study of means of transmission and stated that the carrier was the mosquito Culex fasciatus (now called Aedes aegypti). In 1900 Walter Reed confirmed Finlay's theory, leading to the eradication of yellow fever in Cuba and Panama by William Gorgas. After his death, the Cuban government created the Finlay Institute for Investigations in Tropical Medicine.

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Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the harbinger of Don Juan's death. The legend of Don Juan was first written down by Tirso de Molina, who gave it an original twist in his tragedy The Seducer of Seville (1630). The story was subsequently taken up by many other artists including W.A. Mozart, in the opera Don Giovanni (1787); Molière and George Bernard Shaw, in plays; and Lord Byron in his long satiric poem Don Juan (1819–24).

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(born Dec. 3, 1833, Puerto Príncipe, Cuba—died Aug. 20, 1915, Havana) Cuban epidemiologist. He is known for his discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito. Though he published experimental evidence in 1886, his ideas were ignored for nearly 20 years. He urged the study of means of transmission and stated that the carrier was the mosquito Culex fasciatus (now called Aedes aegypti). In 1900 Walter Reed confirmed Finlay's theory, leading to the eradication of yellow fever in Cuba and Panama by William Gorgas. After his death, the Cuban government created the Finlay Institute for Investigations in Tropical Medicine.

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Chi-Chi Rodríguez

Personal Information
Birth	Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
Height
Weight
Nationality
College	None
Career
Turned Pro	1960
Current tour	Champions Tour
Professional wins	38 (PGA Tour: 8, Other regular: 4, Senior Tour: 22, Other senior: 4)
Best Results in Major Championships
Masters	T10: 1970, 1973
U.S. Open	T6: 1981
British Open	T28: 1973
PGA Championship	T15: 1969
Awards
World Golf Hall of Fame	1992
Old Tom Morris Award	1989
Bob Jones Award	1989

Juan Antonio "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez (born October 23, 1935) is a Puerto Rican professional golfer. He was the first Puerto Rican to be inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.

Early years

Rodríguez was born into a poor family in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. He was one of six siblings. His father used to earn only $18 a week as a laborer and cattle handler. When Rodríguez was only seven years old, he helped the family by earning money as a water carrier on a sugar plantation. One day Juan wandered off into a golf course. When he saw that the caddies were earning more money than him, he decided to become a caddy himself.

Rodríguez would take a branch from a guava tree and turn it into a golf club. Using a metal can as a "golf ball", he would practice what he had seen the "real" golfers do, teaching himself how to play golf. By the time he was nine years old, he was proficient at golf and in 1947 at the age of 12, he scored a remarkable 67.

In 1954, when Rodríguez was 19, he joined the Army. During his breaks, he would visit whichever golf course was nearby, where he continued to perfect his game.

Rodríguez, with characteristic charisma, would often make jokes about his past hardships on the golf course, such as, "How long does John Daly drive a golf ball? When I was a kid, I didn't go that far on vacation." And, "Playing golf is not hot work. Cutting sugar cane for a dollar a day—that's hot work. Hotter than my first wrist watch."

Rodríguez turns professional

Rodríguez turned professional in 1960. In 1963, at 28, Rodríguez won the Denver Open, which he considers as his favorite win. In total he won eight titles on the PGA Tour between 1963 and 1979. He played on the 1979 Ryder Cup team.

At first, Rodríguez used to put his hat over the hole whenever he made a birdie or eagle. After he heard that other golfers were complaining about his little act, he decided to try something new. Juan developed his signature "toreador dance", where he would make believe that the birdie was a "bull" and that his putter was a "sword" and he would terminate the "bull". Rodríguez represented Puerto Rico on 12 World Cup teams. In 1986, he won the Hispanic Recognition Award. In 1988, he was named Replica's Hispanic Man of the Year.

Senior PGA Tour

Rodríguez became eligible to play on the Senior PGA Tour (now known as the Champions Tour) in 1985 and did so for many years with great success, accumulating 22 tournament victories between 1986 and 1993. He was the first player on the Senior PGA Tour to win the same event in three consecutive years. He set a tour record with eight consecutive birdies en route to a win at the 1987 Silver Pages Classic.

In 1989, he was voted the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf. Rodríguez received the 1989 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1991, he lost an 18-hole playoff to a legendary Jack Nicklaus in the U.S. Senior Open. In 1992, Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame, the first Puerto Rican so honored.

Later years

On one occasion Rodríguez had a brief encounter with Mother Teresa. He considers that moment as the greatest moment in his life. This encounter inspired him to help others. Rodríguez, together with former pro golfer Bill Hayes and Bob Jones, established the "Chi-Chi Rodríguez Youth Foundation", an afterschool program at the Glen Oaks Golf Course in Clearwater, Florida. The principal idea behind the foundation is to instill self-esteem in young people who are victims of abuse, have experienced minor brushes with the law, or have suffered other hardships. Rodríguez also bought his mother a house and gave financial help to his brothers and sisters.

In October 1998, Rodríguez suffered a heart attack. He had an angioplasty to clear the blocked artery and made a recovery. He is married and has one daughter.

Professional wins (38)

PGA Tour wins (8)

• 1963 (1) Denver Open Invitational
• 1964 (2) Lucky International Open, Western Open
• 1967 (1) Texas Open Invitational
• 1968 (1) Sahara Invitational
• 1972 (1) Byron Nelson Golf Classic
• 1973 (1) Greater Greensboro Open
• 1979 (1) Tallahassee Open

Other wins (4)

• 1963 Colombian Open
• 1976 Pepsi-Cola Mixed Team Championship (with JoAnn Washam)
• 1979 Bahamas Open, Panama Open (tie with Butch Baird)

Senior PGA Tour wins (22)

• 1986 (3) Senior Tournament Players Championship, Digital Seniors Classic, United Virginia Bank Seniors
• 1987 (7) General Foods PGA Seniors' Championship, Vantage at The Dominion, United Hospitals Senior Golf Championship, Silver Pages Classic, Senior Players Reunion Pro-Am, Digital Seniors Classic, GTE Northwest Classic
• 1988 (2) Doug Sanders Kingwood Celebrity Classic, Digital Seniors Classic
• 1989 (1) Crestar Classic
• 1990 (3) Las Vegas Senior Classic, Ameritech Senior Open, Sunwest Bank Charley Pride Senior Golf Classic
• 1991 (4) GTE West Classic, Vintage ARCO Invitational, Las Vegas Senior Classic, Murata Reunion Pro-Am
• 1992 (1) Ko Olina Senior Invitational
• 1993 (1) Burnet Senior Classic

Senior major championships are shown in bold.

Other senior wins (4)

• 1988 Japan PGA Senior Championship, Senior Skins Game
• 1989 Senior Skins Game
• 1993 Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (with Raymond Floyd and Jack Nicklaus)

Results in major championships

Tournament	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969
The Masters	CUT	T33	CUT	T21	CUT	DNP	T26	DNP	DNP
U.S. Open	DNP	DNP	DNP	WD	T40	T44	T42	DNP	DNP
The Open Championship	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP
PGA Championship	DNP	DNP	DNP	T44	T71	DNP	DNP	DNP	T15

Tournament	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979
The Masters	T10	T30	CUT	T10	T20	CUT	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP
U.S. Open	T27	T13	T9	T29	T26	DNP	CUT	60	T46	T32
The Open Championship	DNP	DNP	DNP	T28	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP	DNP
PGA Championship	CUT	T66	T24	T24	T39	T22	DNP	CUT	DNP	T46

Tournament	1980	1981	1982
The Masters	T44	DNP	T38
U.S. Open	CUT	T6	CUT
The Open Championship	DNP	DNP	DNP
PGA Championship	WD	DNP	DNP

DNP = Did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = Withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10

See also

• List of famous Puerto Ricans
• Golfers with most PGA Tour wins
• Golfers with most Champions Tour wins

References

External links

• Profile on PGA Tour's official site