Juan

Crespi, Juan, 1721-82, Spanish explorer in the Southwest, a Franciscan. He came to America in 1749, and in 1767 he went to the peninsula of California in charge of Mission Purísima Concepción. In 1769 he joined the expedition of Gaspar de Portolá to occupy San Diego and Monterey and continued up the coast with Portolá. The following year he founded the Mission San Carlos Borromeo, in the present-day Carmel-by-the-Sea, which became his headquarters. He was chaplain of the expedition to the N Pacific conducted by Juan Pérez in 1774. His diaries, published in H. E. Bolton's Fray Juan Crespi (1927, repr. 1971), provided valuable records of these expeditions.

Cromberger, Juan: see Pablos, Juan.

Pizarro, Juan, d. 1536, Spanish conquistador, brother of Francisco Pizarro. He aided Francisco in the conquest of Peru. With his other brothers, Gonzalo and Hernando, he fought against the Inca Manco Capac during the siege of Cuzco in 1536. He was killed leading an attack on the Native American fortress Sacsahuamán.

Prim, Juan, 1814-70, Spanish general and statesman. A Catalan officer, he fought for Isabella II against the Carlists and became one of the chief factional leaders in the fierce political rivalry of Isabella's reign, opposing at different times both Espartero and Gen. Ramón M. Narváez. He became (1847) governor-general of Puerto Rico, where he proved a stern administrator. As a commander (1859-60) in Morocco, he won the battle of Los Castillejos, for which he was made a grandee. He commanded the Spanish contingent in the international force sent against Mexico in 1861-62, but withdrew his troops when he realized that the French had ambitions to conquer Mexico. From 1863 to 1867, Prim made repeated attempts at military rebellion, and in 1868 he was finally successful, playing a large part in the overthrow of Isabella. As prime minister in the provisional government, he was a key figure in the choice of a new monarch. When the offer of the throne to a Hohenzollern prince fell through (indirectly bringing on the Franco-Prussian War), he secured the choice of Amadeus. However, before that prince could arrive in Spain, Prim was assassinated by his political enemies.

Boscán Almogáver, Juan, c.1495-1542, Spanish poet. A Catalan aristocrat, Boscán was a literary figure at the court of Ferdinand V. He introduced Italian poetic forms into Spanish poetry, thus revolutionizing its traditional system of metrics. Among his compositions, written in different combinations of the 11-syllable line, are sonnets and canciones. He also translated Castiglione's Courtier. His works were first printed in 1543 together with those of his collaborator and friend Garcilaso de la Vega.

Bosch, Juan (Juan Bosch Gavino), 1909-2001, president of the Dominican Republic (Feb.-Sept., 1963). A teacher and writer, he spent 24 years in exile during the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo and helped found (1939) the Dominican Revolutionary party. He returned (1961) to the Dominican Republic after the assassination of Trujillo and was elected president in the first free elections (Dec., 1962) held in 38 years. He introduced sweeping social and economic reforms but was ousted after seven months by military leaders who viewed him as too leftist. An attempt by his supporters to restore him to power in Apr., 1965, brought civil war and provoked armed intervention by U.S. troops. In 1966, Bosch was overwhelmingly defeated for the presidency by Joaquín Balaguer. After a voluntary exile in Europe, Bosch returned (1970) and joined the opposition to President Balaguer. In 1973 he founded the Dominican Liberation party, which he led until 1994. In 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, and 1994 he again ran unsuccessfully for the presidency.

Lavalle, Juan, 1797-1841, Argentine general, governor of Buenos Aires province (1828-29). He served (1816-24) in the War of Independence and (1826-28) in the war with Brazil. Returning to Buenos Aires, he led his troops in revolt (Dec. 1, 1828) against the governor, Manuel Dorrego, who fled. Lavalle was proclaimed governor. He pursued Dorrego, defeated him, and ordered his summary execution (Dec. 13, 1828). The Argentine provinces protested; a national convention pronounced the execution high treason. Forces commanded by Estanislao López, governor of Santa Fe, and Juan Manuel de Rosas defeated Lavalle (Apr., 1829), who took refuge in Montevideo. Aided by Argentine exiles there and, for a time, by French officials, Lavalle organized an army in 1839 and, invading Argentina, campaigned against Rosas. The campaign was generally unsuccessful; Lavalle was decisively defeated by Manuel Oribe, an ally of Rosas, in 1841. He was killed in Jujuy when attempting to reach Bolivia.

O'Donojú, Juan, d. 1821, Spanish colonial administrator. He distinguished himself in the army and became captain general of Andalusia. Sent out (1821) as captain general and acting viceroy of New Spain, he found all Mexico, except a few towns, in the control of the revolutionists under Iturbide. He signed the Treaty of Córdoba, conceding most of the revolutionary demands, and became a member of the board of regents in Mexico. He died before the treaty was disavowed by Spain.

O'Gorman, Juan, 1905-82, Mexican architect. Trained by Villagran Garcia, O'Gorman produced designs adapting the International style to Mexican requirements. O'Gorman's most notable work is the University Library, Mexico City (1952), with its elaborate, fantastic mosaic facade.

Ponce de León, Juan, c.1460-1521, Spanish explorer, first Westerner to reach Florida. He served against the Moors of Granada, and in 1493 he accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to America. From 1502 to 1504 he assisted in the conquest of Higuey (the eastern part of Hispaniola, now the Dominican Republic) and was made governor of that province. After finding gold on Boriquén (Puerto Rico) in 1508, he conquered the island and, as governor (1509-12), made a fortune in gold, slaves, and land. Hearing tales from the Carib of a wonderfully rich island called Bimini, said to be N of Cuba, Ponce de León secured a commission (1512) to conquer and colonize that land. There is a legend that he was seeking a spring with waters having the power of restoring youth. From Puerto Rico on Mar. 3, 1513, with three vessels, he sailed NE through the Bahamas, sighting the Florida peninsula (which he took to be an island) late in March and landing near the site of St. Augustine early in April. Probably because his arrival in Florida occurred at the time of the Easter feast (Pascua Florida), Ponce de León named the land (which he claimed for Spain) La Florida. He turned south, exploring the coast to Key West, and proceeded up the west coast as far as Cape Romano. Then, retracing his route, he sailed to Miami Bay via Cuba and from there returned to Puerto Rico, arriving Sept. 21, 1513. After partly pacifying Puerto Rico, which had been in revolt, he sailed to Spain, where the king commissioned him (Sept., 1514) to subdue the Carib of Guadeloupe and to conquer and colonize the "isle of Florida." In 1515 he led an unsuccessful expedition against the Carib and returned to Puerto Rico, where he resided until 1521. With two vessels, 200 men, 50 horses and other domestic animals, and farm implements, he sailed for Florida in 1521. Upon landing on the west coast, probably in the vicinity of Charlotte Harbor or Tampa Bay, his party was fiercely attacked by Native Americans, and he was severely wounded by an arrow. The expedition sailed immediately for Cuba, where Ponce de León soon died.

Valera y Alcalá Galiano, Juan, 1824-1905, Spanish writer and diplomat. Of a leading liberal family, Valera was a diplomat until 1858, and he later became a senator and an ambassador. Among his major works are Cartas americanas (4 vol., 1889), on Spanish-American writers, and Florilegio de poesías castellanas del siglo XIX (5 vol., 1902-3), an anthology of Spanish poetry. His first novel, Pepita Jiménez (1874, tr. 1886), won international fame. Other novels include El comendador Mendoza (1877, tr. Commander Mendoza, 1893) and Juanita la Larga (1895).

Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 1910-77, president of Peru (1968-75). Born of working class parents, he entered the army (1929) and rose to the rank of general. As army commander in chief, he led (1968) the junta that deposed President Belaúnde Terry after his failure to expropriate U.S.-owned oil operations. Velasco appointed an all-military cabinet, and immediately seized the disputed oil fields. He restricted the press, launched a sweeping agrarian reform aimed at breaking up the country's large estates, and worked toward the nationalization of selected industries.

Gris, Juan, 1887-1927, Spanish cubist painter, whose original name was José Victoriano González. After studying in Madrid he settled in Paris in 1906, where he held his first exhibition at the Salon des Indépendents of 1912. Gris played an important role in the development of synthetic cubism. His paintings are composed of simple forms; at first they reflected an architectonic logic of design, but later they were given a more sumptuous, decorative treatment. The majority of his works are still-life oils and collages. Gris also painted several portraits. The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, has several still lifes.

Negrín, Juan, 1891-1956, Spanish statesman. A professor of physiology at the Univ. of Madrid, he was active in the Socialist party and was elected to the Cortes in 1931. After the Spanish civil war began (1936), Negrín was first finance minister and then premier (1937-39) of the republic. Dependent on the USSR for arms, he was unable to control Communist influence in the Republican army. He fled (1939) to France and then to England. He died in Paris.

Carreño de Miranda, Juan, 1614-85, Spanish baroque painter. A protégé of Velázquez, Carreño eventually succeeded his master as painter to the Spanish court. He is best known for his elegant portraits, such as that of the queen mother, Mariana (Prado). Carreño also painted numerous religious pictures and frescoes for the churches and palaces of Madrid, Segovia, and Toledo.

Belmonte, Juan, 1892-1962, Spanish matador, b. Seville. He is generally considered the greatest matador of all time, as remarkable for the poetry of his motion in the bullring as for his speed and dexterity. He is said to have "invented" modern bullfighting with his daring, revolutionary style, which kept him almost constantly within a few inches of the bull. Between 1913 and 1936, when he finally retired (he had retired twice before, in 1922 and 1934), he was gored and slashed innumerable times. In 1919 he fought 109 corridas, a record number. His years of rivalry (1914-20) with the great Joselito, known as the Golden Age of Bullfighting, ended with Joselito's fatal goring.

Benet, Juan, 1927-93, Spanish novelist and essayist. He earned a degree in civil engineering and worked as a highway engineer before publishing (1961) his first work, Nunca llegarás a nada [you'll never amount to anything]. He gained major success in 1967 with his novel, Volverás a Región [you will return to Región], set in a mythical area of Spain called Región. He returned to this setting in A Meditation (1969, tr. 1983); Benet received critical acclaim for his experimental and complex style. Other works include En el estado [in the state] (1977).

Pablos, Juan, d. 1561?, printer in Spanish America. Pablos printed in Mexico City the first book known to have been printed in the Western Hemisphere. It was a religious manual, Breve y más compendiosa doctrina christiana en lengua mexicana y castellana [a brief and greatly abridged Christian doctrine in the Mexican and Castilian languages]. It appeared in 1539, a full century before the appearance of the Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed within the present boundaries of the United States. Pablos was an Italian, a native of Brescia in Lombardy, and went to Mexico in 1539 as the agent of Juan Cromberger, a printer of Seville. He continued to print books with the Cromberger mark after Cromberger's death (1540), but in 1548 he began to print in his own name and continued to do so until 1560. See also Martín, Esteban.

Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan, 1553-1608, Spanish portrait painter, court painter to Philip II and Philip III; pupil and follower of Alonzo Sánchez Coello. The Prado contains beautiful examples of his severe portraiture and also a fine Nativity.

Facundo Quiroga, Juan: see Quiroga, Juan Facundo.

Meléndez Valdés, Juan, 1754-1817, Spanish neoclassic poet. He studied classics and law and later taught humanities at Salamanca. After much political vacillation during the rise and fall of the Bonapartes, he was forced to flee to France. As poet he was outstanding in an otherwise undistinguished age of Spanish poetry. Although often sentimental and obvious, his work is musical, rich in language and imagery, and distinguished by a fine sensibility. His themes range from the sensual and joyous, celebrating love and nature (e.g., Los Besos de Amor), to the philosophical, deploring Spanish poverty and backwardness and pleading for liberal reforms.

Ruiz, Juan, 1283?-1350?, Spanish poet, musician, and archpriest of Hita. Ruiz suffered 13 years in prison, during which time he revised his masterpiece, El Libro de buen amor (c.1330, tr. The Book of Good Love, 1933). This is a miscellany in verse of fables; autobiographic adventures in the picaresque style; and adaptations of medieval, classical, and Arab stories and apologues—all forming a vivid and unified satirical panorama of medieval society. He is considered the Spanish Chaucer.

Ruiz de Apodaca, Juan: see Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de.

Rulfo, Juan, 1918-86, Mexican writer. In his fiction he recreates the desolation of his native southern Jalisco and brings to life its simple people in a harsh and tragic manner. He wrote one book of short stories, The Burning Plain and Other Stories (1955; tr. 1967). His novel, Pedro Páramo (1955; tr. 1959), is a complex work with many episodes arranged poetically rather than chronologically and narrated by people who are already dead; in its fusion of realistic and fantastic themes, it was an important influence on later writers.

Álvarez, Juan, 1780-1867, Mexican general of indigenous descent, president of Mexico (1855). He distinguished himself in battle under Morelos y Pavón and was later the first governor of Guerrero. In 1854 he led the liberal Revolution of Ayutla, which overthrew (1855) General Santa Anna. After two months he yielded the presidency to Ignacio Comonfort. Álvarez later fought against Maximilian and the French invaders.

Fernández Navarrete, Juan: see Navarrete, Juan Fernández.

Montalvo, Juan, 1832-89, Ecuadorean essayist and political writer. A champion of liberalism and a master of political invective, he showered fiery anathemas on the tyrant Gabriel García Moreno and later on the dictator Ignacio Veintimilla. Montalvo's first polemics appeared in his own journal, El cosmopolita (1866-69). Exiled in 1879, he went to France. The publication of his Catilinarias in 1880 made him famous. Endowed with a lucid and inquisitive intellect and a strong, quasi-romantic temperament, Montalvo turned his vivid style to a variety of historical, philosophical, and cultural themes. The essays in Siete Tratados (1882) and in Geometría moral (1902) are often speculative and introspective. Montalvo also wrote a witty sequel to Don Quixote, entitled Capítulos que se le olvidaron a Cervantes [chapters Cervantes forgot] (1921). Montalvo was a dedicated champion of democracy. Many consider him unrivaled as a stylist in 19th-century Spanish letters.

Goytisolo, Juan, 1931-, Spanish writer, b. Barcelona. Goytisolo is considered among the foremost novelists writing in Spanish in the late 20th cent. Much of his work focuses on injustice and moral emptiness in Spain under the Franco government. Goytisolo has lived for many years in France and has written literary criticism in French. Some of his later fiction was influenced by the French nouveau roman [new novel] (see French literature). Among his novels are Fiestas (1958, tr. 1960), The Party's Over (1962, tr. 1966), Marks of Identity (1966, tr. 1969), Count Julian (1970, tr. 1974), Juan the Landless (1975, tr. 1977), Makbara (1980, tr. 1981), Landscapes After Battle (1982, tr. 1987), The Virtues of the Solitary Bird (1988, tr. 1991), Quarantine (1991, tr. 1994), and State of Siege (1995, tr. 2002).

Pérez, Juan, d. 1774, Spanish colonial naval officer, explorer on the coast of the Pacific Northwest. In 1774 he commanded a fleet sent by the Spanish viceroy to investigate Russian advances down the northern coast, to visit the coast to lat. 60°N, and to take formal possession for Spain. He sailed from Monterey northward, but was prevented from landing by bad weather and turned back at lat. 55°N. He encountered the natives of Queen Charlotte Island, sighted Vancouver Island, and on Aug. 8, 1774, discovered Nootka Sound, which he called the harbor of San Lorenzo. He reached Monterey late in August and died at sea while bound for San Blas. The diary of one of the chaplains, Juan Crespi, gives a fine narrative of the voyage.

Pérez de Montalván, Juan, 1602-38, Spanish dramatic poet and novelist. He was the close friend and biographer of Lope de Vega. He wrote 48 plays; among the most successful was Los amantes de Teruel [the lovers of Teruel]. His eight novels also enjoyed great popularity.

Martínez de Rozas, Juan, 1759-1813, Chilean revolutionist, b. Mendoza, Argentina. A lawyer and scholar, he was a leading instigator of revolutionary ideas. In 1810 he headed the junta that deposed the Spanish governor, but the next year he was forced out because his ideas were too radical for the more conservative element of the revolution. Subsequently opposing the military dictatorship of José Miguel Carrera, he was exiled and died at his birthplace.

(born June 16, 1910, Piura, Peru—died Dec. 24, 1977, Lima) President of Peru (1968–75). Commander in chief of the army, he came to power by overthrowing Pres. Fernando Belaúnde Terry. His government was unusual among military regimes for its reformist and populist character. He nationalized transportation, communications, and electric power and converted millions of acres of private farms into workers' cooperatives. He defied the U.S. in nationalizing U.S.-owned oil fields and capturing and fining U.S. boats fishing within Peru's 200-mi (322-km) coastal limit. He was deposed in 1975 because of discontent with his restrictions on political participation.

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(born June 27, 1899, Seabright, N.J., U.S.—died April 3, 1981, New York, N.Y.) U.S. airline founder. He served as a pilot in World War I. After graduating from Yale University in 1922, he promptly established an air taxi service using government-surplus aircraft. He next formed Colonial Air Transport, which began the first airmail route between New York City and Boston. In 1927 he founded Pan American World Airways. Under him the company introduced the first round-the-world air service (1947) and the first commercial jets (1955). He retired in 1968.

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officially Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Self-governing island commonwealth of the West Indies, in the northeastern Caribbean Sea; it is associated with the U.S. Area: 3,515 sq mi (9,104 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 3,912,000. Capital: San Juan. Most of the population is of Spanish descent, with significant minorities of people of African and mixed (African-European) descent. Languages: Spanish, English (both official). Religion: Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant). Currency: U.S. dollar. The island of Puerto Rico may be divided into three geographic regions: the mountainous interior, the northern plateau, and the coastal plains. It has a developing free-market economy, of which manufacturing, financial services, and trade (mostly with the U.S.) are the main components. Tourism is also an important source of income. Puerto Rico's chief of state is the U.S. president, and its head of government is the commonwealth governor. The island was inhabited by Arawak Indians when it was settled by the Spanish in the early 16th century. It remained largely undeveloped economically until the late 18th century. After 1830 it gradually developed a plantation economy based on the export crops of sugarcane, coffee, and tobacco. The independence movement began in the late 19th century, and Spain ceded the island to the U.S. in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship, and in 1952 the island became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs. Voters reaffirmed the island's commonwealth status in plebiscites in 1967, 1993, and (tacitly) 1998, but Puerto Rican statehood remained a political issue into the 21st century.

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City (pop., 2000: metro. area, 421,958), seaport, and capital of Puerto Rico. It was visited in 1508 by Juan Ponce de León and founded in the early 16th century by the Spanish. It became heavily fortified and was a starting point for expeditions to unknown parts of the New World. Several times it was attacked by the British, including Francis Drake in 1595. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, San Juan fell to the U.S. The city expanded rapidly in the 20th century and is one of the major ports and tourist resorts of the West Indies. Industries include petroleum and sugar refining, brewing, and distilling. San Juan is the commonwealth's financial capital and many U.S. banks and corporations maintain offices there. El Morro and San Cristóbal fortifications are among the city's historic remnants.

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(born circa 1283, Alcalá, Spain—died circa 1350) Spanish poet and cleric. Educated at Toledo, Ruiz was serving as a village archpriest when he finished his masterpiece, The Book of Good Love (1330, expanded 1343). Perhaps the most important long poem in medieval Spanish literature, it contains 12 narrative poems, each describing a different love affair. Its h1 refers to the distinction the author makes between the (good) love of God and carnal love. Drawing on material from an impressive range of literary and other sources, it presents a vigorous, high-spirited, satirical glimpse of medieval life.

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(born March 30, 1793, Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata—died March 14, 1877, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.) Argentinian military and political leader. Born to a wealthy family, Rosas emerged a federalist hero from the country's long civil war and was made governor of Buenos Aires in 1829. He left office in 1833 to pursue a war against the Indians, and in 1835 he again became governor of Buenos Aires, this time with dictatorial powers. He was the quintessential caudillo, a tyrant who cultivated a fiercely loyal personal following and ruled by intimidation and patronage. Despite his professed allegiance to federalism, he established central control over all of Argentina until he was finally overthrown in 1852 and forced to flee to England.

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Strait, North Pacific Ocean. Located between the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, U.S., and Canada's Vancouver Island, it is 11–17 mi (18–27 km) wide and 80–100 mi (130–160 km) long. It is named for a Greek who sailed in the service of Spain and who may have visited the passage in 1592. It is used by ships bound for Vancouver and Seattle. Settlements along its banks include Victoria, B.C., and Port Angeles, Wash.

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(born June 27, 1899, Seabright, N.J., U.S.—died April 3, 1981, New York, N.Y.) U.S. airline founder. He served as a pilot in World War I. After graduating from Yale University in 1922, he promptly established an air taxi service using government-surplus aircraft. He next formed Colonial Air Transport, which began the first airmail route between New York City and Boston. In 1927 he founded Pan American World Airways. Under him the company introduced the first round-the-world air service (1947) and the first commercial jets (1955). He retired in 1968.

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(born circa 1283, Alcalá, Spain—died circa 1350) Spanish poet and cleric. Educated at Toledo, Ruiz was serving as a village archpriest when he finished his masterpiece, The Book of Good Love (1330, expanded 1343). Perhaps the most important long poem in medieval Spanish literature, it contains 12 narrative poems, each describing a different love affair. Its h1 refers to the distinction the author makes between the (good) love of God and carnal love. Drawing on material from an impressive range of literary and other sources, it presents a vigorous, high-spirited, satirical glimpse of medieval life.

Learn more about Ruiz, Juan with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born March 30, 1793, Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata—died March 14, 1877, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng.) Argentinian military and political leader. Born to a wealthy family, Rosas emerged a federalist hero from the country's long civil war and was made governor of Buenos Aires in 1829. He left office in 1833 to pursue a war against the Indians, and in 1835 he again became governor of Buenos Aires, this time with dictatorial powers. He was the quintessential caudillo, a tyrant who cultivated a fiercely loyal personal following and ruled by intimidation and patronage. Despite his professed allegiance to federalism, he established central control over all of Argentina until he was finally overthrown in 1852 and forced to flee to England.

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orig. José Victoriano González Pérez

(born March 23, 1887, Madrid, Spain—died May 11, 1927, Boulogne-sur-Seine, Fr.) Spanish painter active in Paris. He studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Manufactures (1902–04). In 1906 he moved to Paris and began producing drawings in the Art Nouveau style for newspapers. He became involved with the Cubist artists, notably Pablo Picasso, and soon developed his own version of Synthetic Cubism, a style more severe and calculated than that of other Cubists. His works, typically still lifes, are characterized by rigorously geometric compositions. His technique included the use of paper collage. He also produced sculpture, book illustrations, and sets and costumes for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

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(born June 30, 1909, La Vega, Dom. Rep.—died Nov. 1, 2001, Santo Domingo) Scholar, poet, and president of the Dominican Republic (1963). Bosch was raised in a lower-middle-class family. Dismayed by the brutality of the dictator Rafael Trujillo, he spent 24 years in exile but returned after Trujillo's death to build a leftist anticommunist movement. After winning the first free presidential election in 38 years, he instituted liberal constitutional changes, many of which benefited the country's poor. His reforms, however, alienated landholders and industrialists, and after only seven months in office Bosch was ousted in a military coup. When his supporters revolted against the ruling junta in 1965, U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, claiming that Bosch's followers were communists, sent troops to suppress the rebellion. Over the subsequent three decades, Bosch ran repeatedly but unsuccessfully for president.

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orig. José Victoriano González Pérez

(born March 23, 1887, Madrid, Spain—died May 11, 1927, Boulogne-sur-Seine, Fr.) Spanish painter active in Paris. He studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Manufactures (1902–04). In 1906 he moved to Paris and began producing drawings in the Art Nouveau style for newspapers. He became involved with the Cubist artists, notably Pablo Picasso, and soon developed his own version of Synthetic Cubism, a style more severe and calculated than that of other Cubists. His works, typically still lifes, are characterized by rigorously geometric compositions. His technique included the use of paper collage. He also produced sculpture, book illustrations, and sets and costumes for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

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(born Dec. 3, 1833, Puerto Príncipe, Cuba—died Aug. 20, 1915, Havana) Cuban epidemiologist. He is known for his discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito. Though he published experimental evidence in 1886, his ideas were ignored for nearly 20 years. He urged the study of means of transmission and stated that the carrier was the mosquito Culex fasciatus (now called Aedes aegypti). In 1900 Walter Reed confirmed Finlay's theory, leading to the eradication of yellow fever in Cuba and Panama by William Gorgas. After his death, the Cuban government created the Finlay Institute for Investigations in Tropical Medicine.

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Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the harbinger of Don Juan's death. The legend of Don Juan was first written down by Tirso de Molina, who gave it an original twist in his tragedy The Seducer of Seville (1630). The story was subsequently taken up by many other artists including W.A. Mozart, in the opera Don Giovanni (1787); Molière and George Bernard Shaw, in plays; and Lord Byron in his long satiric poem Don Juan (1819–24).

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(born Dec. 3, 1833, Puerto Príncipe, Cuba—died Aug. 20, 1915, Havana) Cuban epidemiologist. He is known for his discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito. Though he published experimental evidence in 1886, his ideas were ignored for nearly 20 years. He urged the study of means of transmission and stated that the carrier was the mosquito Culex fasciatus (now called Aedes aegypti). In 1900 Walter Reed confirmed Finlay's theory, leading to the eradication of yellow fever in Cuba and Panama by William Gorgas. After his death, the Cuban government created the Finlay Institute for Investigations in Tropical Medicine.

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Juan-les-Pins is a town in the commune of Antibes, in the Alpes-Maritimes, in southeastern France, on the Côte d'Azur, which is part of the Ligurian Sea.

It is famous for its annual jazz festival in July. New Orleans is a sister city, something which for a series of years was manifested with carnival festivities in the streets of Juan-les-Pins, with both local and New Orleans jazz bands parading.

It is a major holiday destination, with casino, nightclubs and beaches, which are made of fine grained sand, and are not straight, but instead are cut with small inlets.

A big contract bridge tournament is organised every year in early spring.

History

Situated west of the town of Antibes on the western slope of the ridge, halfway to the old fishery village of Golfe-Juan (where Napoleon landed in 1815), it had been an area with lots of stone pine trees (pins in French), where the inhabitants of Antibes used to go for a promenade, for a picnic in the shadow of the stone pine trees or to collect tree branches and cones for their stoves.

The village was given the name Juan-les-Pins on 12 March 1882. Why the Spanish spelling of Jean was chosen, is not clear. Other names had been discussed, such as Héliopolis, Antibes-les-Pins and Albany-les-Pins (after the Duke of Albany - son of Queen Victoria).

The following year, 1883, it was decided to build a railroad station in Juan-les-Pins on the PLM (Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée) line that had been there since 1863.

Jazz à Juan

Along the street behind the seaside stage where the annual jazz festival "Jazz à Juan" is held, one will find ceramic tiles laid into the pavement with handprints of more than 50 jazz musicians who have played at this festival, among those Al Jarreau, B. B. King, Chick Corea, Clark Terry, Dave Brubeck, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Eddy Louiss, Elvin Jones, Fats Waller, George Benson, Hank Jones, Jack DeJohnette, Joshua Redman, Little Richard, Milt Jackson, Oscar Peterson, Pat Metheny, Ravi Coltrane, Ray Charles, Richard Galliano, Roy Haynes, Shirley Horn, Sonny Rollins, Stephane Grapelli and Wynton Marsalis.

Outside festival periods or other public arrangements, petanque players every afternoon use the area in front of the tall steel "jazz monument" for their games under the stone pine trees.

Points of interest

• Jardin botanique de la Villa Thuret

External links

• Festivals Internationaux de Bridge d'Antibes en Juan-les-Pins
• Photos of Juan-les-Pins
• Official tourist guide