Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell, 1862-1931, African-American civil-rights advocate and feminist, b. Holly Springs, Miss. Born a slave, she attended a freedman's school and was orphaned at 16. She moved (1880) to Memphis, taught in black schools, attended Fisk Univ., and became an editor and writer for two weekly newspapers. In 1884 she challenged railroad segregation, ultimately losing (1887) in Tennessee's state supreme court. Becoming a part owner of and reporter for the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight (1889-94), she campaigned against the inferior education available to African Americans. In addition, beginning in 1892, following the murder of a friend by a Memphis crowd, she became famous for her antilynching crusades (see lynching). Later that year a white mob destroyed her newspaper's office and threatened to kill Wells. She subsequently moved to New York, became part owner and writer for the New York Age, and again attacked lynching. Wells was also a strong advocate for women's rights, but differed with many other feminists in her insistence on racial justice. Settling finally in Chicago, she wrote for two newspapers, married lawyer Ferdinand Lee Barnett, wrote a book on lynching (1895), created social programs for young black men and women, and worked to improve race relations in the city.

Tarbell, Ida Minerva, 1857-1944, American author, b. Erie co., Pa., grad. Allegheny College (B.A., 1880; M.A., 1883). One of the leading muckrakers, she is remembered for her investigations of industry published in McClure's magazine. Some of them were collected in her History of the Standard Oil Company (1904). She also wrote Life of Abraham Lincoln (1900), other books on Lincoln, and biographies of Elbert H. Gary (1925) and Owen D. Young (1932). Her economic studies culminated in The Nationalizing of Business, 1878-1898 (1936).

Ida, Mount, Gr. Ídhi, 8,058 ft (2,456 m) high, central Crete, Greece; the highest mountain on Crete.

Ida Mountains: see Kaz Daği.

Ida, city (1990 pop. 91,859), Nagano prefecture, central Honshu, Japan, on the Tenryu River. It is an agricultural market and railway junction.

Harper, Ida Husted, 1851-1931, American woman suffragist. Allied with the woman-suffrage movement from 1898, she became the official reporter and historian of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She wrote The Life and Works of Susan B. Anthony (3 vol., 1898-1908, repr. 1969) and later volumes (IV-VI, 1900-1922) of the History of Woman Suffrage started by Susan B. Anthony, who also contributed to Vol. IV.

or Ida Bell Wells-Barnett

(born July 16, 1862, Holly Springs, Miss., U.S.—died March 25, 1931, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. journalist and antilynching crusader. The daughter of slaves, she was educated at a freedmen's school in Holly Springs and later at Fisk University in Nashville, Tenn. She was a teacher until the late 1880s, when she turned to journalism, writing articles for African American-owned newspapers on issues such as the limited education available to African American children. In 1892, after three of her friends were lynched by a mob, Wells began an editorial campaign against lynching that quickly led to the destruction of her newspaper's office by whites. She continued her antilynching campaign as a lecturer and founder of antilynching societies and African American women's clubs throughout the U.S. In 1895 she married Ferdinand Barnett and began writing for his newspaper, the Chicago Conservator. In 1910 she founded the Chicago Negro Fellowship League. She also founded Chicago's Alpha Suffrage Club, perhaps the first African American woman-suffrage group.

Learn more about Wells, Ida B(ell) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Nov. 5, 1857, Erie county, Pa., U.S.—died Jan. 6, 1944, Bridgeport, Conn.) U.S. investigative journalist, lecturer, and chronicler of American industry. In 1891 Tarbell went to Paris, where she supported herself by writing for U.S. magazines. She became best known for The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904), an account of the rise of a business monopoly that first appeared serially in McClure's Magazine and led to the government's epochal antitrust suit against the company. For her work Tarbell became one of the journalists Theodore Roosevelt dubbed muckrakers.

Learn more about Tarbell, Ida M(inerva) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Nov. 5, 1857, Erie county, Pa., U.S.—died Jan. 6, 1944, Bridgeport, Conn.) U.S. investigative journalist, lecturer, and chronicler of American industry. In 1891 Tarbell went to Paris, where she supported herself by writing for U.S. magazines. She became best known for The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904), an account of the rise of a business monopoly that first appeared serially in McClure's Magazine and led to the government's epochal antitrust suit against the company. For her work Tarbell became one of the journalists Theodore Roosevelt dubbed muckrakers.

Learn more about Tarbell, Ida M(inerva) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

or Ida Bell Wells-Barnett

(born July 16, 1862, Holly Springs, Miss., U.S.—died March 25, 1931, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. journalist and antilynching crusader. The daughter of slaves, she was educated at a freedmen's school in Holly Springs and later at Fisk University in Nashville, Tenn. She was a teacher until the late 1880s, when she turned to journalism, writing articles for African American-owned newspapers on issues such as the limited education available to African American children. In 1892, after three of her friends were lynched by a mob, Wells began an editorial campaign against lynching that quickly led to the destruction of her newspaper's office by whites. She continued her antilynching campaign as a lecturer and founder of antilynching societies and African American women's clubs throughout the U.S. In 1895 she married Ferdinand Barnett and began writing for his newspaper, the Chicago Conservator. In 1910 she founded the Chicago Negro Fellowship League. She also founded Chicago's Alpha Suffrage Club, perhaps the first African American woman-suffrage group.

Learn more about Wells, Ida B(ell) with a free trial on Britannica.com.