In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of all men in East and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, and Europe and is completely absent from Africa and the Americas, although certain subclades of Haplogroup O do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania.

Origins

Haplogroup O is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO (M214), and is believed to have first appeared in Siberia or eastern Central Asia approximately 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup O shares a node in the phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosomes with Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.

Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup O with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:

• O (M175)
• O*
• O1 (MSY2.2)
• O1*
• O1a (M119) Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Tai-Kadai peoples
• O1a*
• O1a1 (P203)
• O1a1*
• O1a1a (M101)
• O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
• O2 (P31, M268)
• O2*
• O2a (M95) Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai-Kadai peoples, Malays, and Indonesians, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia
• O2a*
• O2a1 (M88, M111) Frequently found among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese of Sichuan, Guangxi, and Guangdong
• O2a1*
• O2a1a (PK4) Found at low frequency among Pashtuns
• O2a2 (M297)
• O2b (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)
• O2b* Typical of Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Ryukyuans, Japanese, Indonesians, Vietnamese, Thais, Manchus, Evenks, and Micronesians
• O2b1 (47z) Typical of Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Thais, Koreans, and Vietnamese
• O3 (M122) Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia
• O3*
• O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
• O3a*
• O3a1 (DYS257/P27.2, M121)
• O3a2 (M164)
• O3a3 (P201/021354)
• O3a3*
• O3a3a (M159)
• O3a3b (M7) Typical of Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese, Buyei, Qiang, and Oroqen
• O3a3b*
• O3a3b1 (M113, M188, M209)
• O3a3b1*
• O3a3b1a (N4)
• O3a3b1b (N5)
• O3a3b2 (P164)
• O3a3c (M134) Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia
• O3a3c*
• O3a3c1 (M117, M133)
• O3a3c1*
• O3a3c1a (M162)
• O3a3c2 (P101)
• O3a4 (002611)
• O3a4*
• O3a4a (P103)
• O3a5 (M300)
• O3a6 (M333)

Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O are Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup O2, and Haplogroup O3.

Haplogroup O* lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major subclades O1, O2, and O3, can still be detected at a low frequency among most modern populations of Central Asia and East Asia. For example, a broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175*(xO1a-M119,O2a-M95,O3-M122) in 2.5% (one out of 40 individuals) of a sample of Tajiks in Samarkand, 4.5% (1/22) of Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan, 1.5% (1/68) of Uzbeks in Surkhandarya, 1.4% (1/70) of Uzbeks in Khorezm, 6.3% (1/16) of Tajiks in Dushanbe, 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, 4.9% (2/41) of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan, and 31.1% (14/45) of Koreans. However, nearly all of these Korean O*(xO1a,O2a,O3) Y-chromosomes probably belong to Haplogroup O2b, which has been found in approximately 30% of many samples of Koreans. There is also a possibility that the so-called Haplogroup O* Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might belong to Haplogroup O1*(xO1a-M119), Haplogroup O2*(xO2a-M95,O2b-M176), or Haplogroup O2b-M176.

References

External links

• Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
• Spread of Haplogroup O, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
• China DNA interest group on Facebook
• China DNA at Family Tree DNA
• Haplogroup O (Y-DNA) interest group on Facebook