Glauber

Glauber, Johann Rudolf, 1604-70, German alchemist. A forerunner of scientific chemists, Glauber made many practical advances in analytical chemistry; he devised new procedures and was the first to prepare several compounds, including Glauber's salt. Little is known of his life.

Glauber, Roy Jay, 1925-, American physicist, b. New York City, Ph.D. Harvard, 1949. He has been on the faculty at Harvard since 1952. Glauber was the co-recipient, with John Hall and Theodor Hänsch, of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for work that advanced optics technology. In the 1960s, Glauber established the field of quantum optics and advanced Einstein's observation that light can be considered both as waves and as a stream of particles. His work helped to explain the fundamental differences between diffuse sources of light such as light bulbs, which are characterized by a mixture of frequencies that are not in phase, and the intense light of lasers, characterized by a single frequency in phase. Glauber's findings laid the foundation for developments in a range of fields from quantum cryptography to broadband optical transmission.

Glauber is a discovery system, a type of artificial intelligence used to discover new scientific theories based on empirical evidence and the systematic measurement of related data. It is named after Johann Rudolph Glauber, a chemist in the 17th century whose work helped to develop acid-base theory.

Glauber was designed by Pat Langley as part of his work on discovery heuristics in an attempt to have a computer automatically review a host of values and characteristics and make independent analyses from them. In the case of Glauber, the goal was to have an autonomous application that could estimate or even perfectly describe the nature of a given chemical compound by comparing it to related substances. Langley formalized and compiled Glauber in 1983.

The software was supplied information about a variety of materials as they had been described by 18th century chemists, before most of modern chemical knowledge had been uncovered or invented. Qualitative descriptions like taste, rather than numerical data such as molecular weight, were programmed into the application. Chemical reactions that were known in that era and the distinction between reactants and products were also provided. From this knowledge, Glauber was to figure out which substances were acids, bases, and salts without any quantitative information. The system examined chemical substances and all of their most likely reactions and correlates the expected taste and related acidity or saltiness according to the rule that acids and bases produce salts.

Glauber was a very successful advance in theoretical chemistry as performed by computer, and it, along with similar systems developed by Herbert Simon including Stahl (which examines oxidation) and DALTON (which calculates atomic weight) helped form the groundwork of all current automated chemical analysis.