Malignant tumour of the stomach. The main risk factors include a diet high in salted, smoked, or pickled foods; Helicobacter pylori infection; tobacco and alcohol use; age (over age 60); and a family history of stomach cancer. Males develop stomach cancer at approximately twice the rate of females. Symptoms may be abdominal pain or swelling, unexplained weight loss, vomiting, and poor digestion. Surgery is the only method for treating stomach cancer, although radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be used in conjunction with surgery or to relieve symptoms.

Learn more about stomach cancer with a free trial on Britannica.com.

The gastric-brooding frogs or Platypus frogs (Rheobatrachus) were a genus of ground-dwelling frogs native to Queensland in eastern Australia. The genus consisted of only two species, both of which became extinct in the mid-1980s. The genus was unique because it contained the only two known frog species that incubated the prejuvenile stages of their offspring in the stomach of the mother.

The combined ranges of the gastric-brooding frogs comprised less than 2000 km² (800 mi²). Both species were associated with creek systems in rainforests at elevations of between and and . The causes of the gastric-brooding frogs' extinction are not clearly understood, but habitat loss and degradation, pollution, and the amphibian chytrid fungus may have contributed.

The assignment of the genus to a taxonomic family is hotly debated. Some biologists class them within Myobatrachidae under the subfamily Rheobatrachinae, but others place them in their own family, Rheobatrachidae.

Taxonomy

Rheobatrachus was first described in 1973 by Liem and since has not undergone any scientific classification changes; however the placement of this genus with in a family has been controversial. It has been placed in a distinct subfamily of Myobatrachidae, Rheobatrachinae, in a separate family, Rheobatrachidae, placed as the sister-taxon of Limnodynastinae and Rheobatrachinae has been synonymized with Limnodynastinae. Frost et al. (2006) found Rheobatrachus, on the basis of molecular evidence, the sister taxon of Mixophyes and placed it within Myobatrachidae.

Both species of gastric-brooding frogs were very different in appearance and behaviour to other Australian frog species. Their large protruding eyes and short, blunt snout along with complete webbing and slimy bodies differentiated them from all other Australian frogs. The largely aquatic behaviour exhibited by both species was only shared (in Australia) with the Dahl's Aquatic Frog and their ability to raise their young in the mother's stomach was unique among all frogs.

Common names

The common names, "Gastric-brooding frog" and "Platypus frog", are used to describe the two species. "Gastric-brooding" described the unique way the female raised the young and "platypus" describes their largely aquatic nature.

Southern Gastric-brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus silus)

Distribution

The Southern Gastric-brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus silus) was discovered in 1972 and described in 1973, however, there is one publication suggesting that the species was discovered in 1914 (from the Blackall Range). Rheobatrachus silus was restricted to the Blackall Range and Conondale Ranges in southeast Queensland, north of Brisbane, between elevations of 350 m and 800 m (1100 and 2600 feet) above sea level. The areas of rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest and riverine gallery open forest that it inhabited was limited to less than 1,400 km² (540 mi²). They were recorded in streams in the catchments of the Mary, Stanley and Mooloolah Rivers. Depending on the source, the last specimen seen in the wild was in 1979 in the Conondale Range, or in 1981 in the Blackall Ranges. The last captive specimen died in 1983. This species is believed to be extinct.

Physical description

The Southern Gastric-brooding Frog was a medium sized species of dull colouration, with large protruding eyes positioned close together and a short, blunt snout. Its skin was moist and coated with mucus. The fingers were long, slender, pointed and unwebbed and the toes were fully webbed. The arms and legs were large in comparison to the body. In both species the males were larger than the females.

The Southern Gastric-brooding Frog was a dull grey to slate coloured frog that had small patches, both darker and lighter than the background colouration, scattered over dorsal surface (back). The ventral surface was white or cream, occasionally with yellow blotches. The arms and legs had darker brown barring above and were yellow underneath. There was a dark stripe that ran from the eye to the base of the forelimb. The ventral surface (belly) was white with large patches of cream or pale yellow. The toes and fingers were light brown with pale brown flecking. The end of each digit had a small disc and the iris was dark brown. The skin was finely granular and the tympanum was hidden. The male Southern Gastric Brooding Frog was to in length and the female to in length.

Ecology and behaviour

The Southern Gastric-brooding Frog lived in areas of rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest and riverine gallery open forest. They were a predominately aquatic species closely associated with watercourses and adjacent rock pools and soaks. Streams that the Southern Gastric Brood Frog were found in were mostly permanent and only ceased to flow during years of very low rainfall. Sites where Southern Gastric-brooding Frogs were found usually consisted of closed forests with emergent eucalypts, however there was sites where open forest and grassy ground cover were the predominate vegetation. There is no record for this species occurring in cleared riparian habitat. Searches during spring and summer showed that the favored diurnal habitat was at the edge of rock pools, either amongst leaf litter, under or between stones or in rock crevices. They were also found under rocks in shallow water. Winter surveys of sites where Southern Gastric Brooding Frogs were common only recovered two specimens, and it is assumed that they hibernated during the colder months. Adult males preferred deeper pools than the juveniles and females which tended to inhabit shallower, newly created (after rain) pools that contained stones and/or leaf litter. Individuals only left themselves fully exposed while sitting on rocks during light rain.

The call of the Southern Gastric-brooding Frog has been described as an "eeeehm...eeeehm" with an upward inflection. It lasts for around 0.5 of a second and was repeated every 6-7 seconds.

Southern Gastric Brooding Frogs have been observed feeding on insects from the land and water. In aquarium situations Lepidoptera, Diptera and Neuroptera were eaten.

Being a largely aquatic species the Southern Gastric-brooding Frog was never recorded more than 4 m (13 ft) from water. Studies by Glen Ingram showed that the movements of this species were very restricted. Of ten juvenile frogs, only two moved more than 3 metres between observations. Ingram also recorded the distance moved along a stream by seven adult frogs between seasons (periods of increased activity, usually during summer). Four females moved between 1.8-46 m (6-151 ft) and three males covered 0.9-53 m (3-174 ft). Only three individuals moved more than 5.5 m (18 ft) (46 m, 46 m and 53 m). It appeared that throughout the breeding season adult frogs would remain in the same pools or cluster of pools, only moving out during periods of flooding or increased flow.

Northern Gastric-brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus vitellinus)

Distribution

The Northern Gastric-brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus vitellinus) was discovered and described in 1984. It was restricted to the rainforest areas of the Clarke Range in Eungella National Park in central eastern Queensland. This species, too, was confined to a small area — less than 500 km² (200 mi²), between 400 and 1000 metres (1000 and 3000 feet) in altitude. Only a year after its discovery, it was never seen again despite extensive efforts to locate it. This species is considered to be extinct.

Physical description

The Northern Gastric-brooding Frog was a much larger species than the Southern Gastric-brooding Frog. Males reached 50–53 mm (2.0–2.1 in) in length, and females 66–79 mm (2.6–3.1 in) in length. This species was also much darker in colour, usually pale brown, and like the Southern Gastric-brooding Frogs its skin was bumpy and had a slimy mucus coating. There were vivid yellow blotches on the abdomen and the underside of the arms and legs. The rest of the belly was white or grey in colour. The tympanum was hidden and the iris was dark brown. The body shape of the Northern Gastric Brooding Frog was very similar to the southern species.

Ecology and behaviour

The Northern Gastric-brooding Frog was only recorded in pristine rainforests where the only form of human disturbance was poorly defined walking tracks. As with the Southern Gastric-brooding Frog, the Northern Gastric-brooding Frog was also a largely aquatic species. They were found in and around the shallow sections of fast flowing creeks and streams where individuals were located in shallow, rocky, broken-water areas, in cascades, riffles and trickles. The water in these streams was cool and clear, and the frogs hid away beneath or between boulders in the current or in backwaters.

Male Northern Gastric-brooding Frogs call from the water's edge during summer. The call was loud, consisting of several staccato notes. It is similar to the Southern Gastric-brooding Frogs call although deeper, shorter and repeated less often.

The Northern Gastric-brooding Frog has been observed feeding on small crayfish, caddisfly larvae and terrestrial and aquatic beetles as well as the Eungella Torrent Frog (Taudactylus eungellensis).

Reproduction

What makes these frogs unique among all frog species is their form of parental care. Following external fertilization by the male, the female would take the eggs into her mouth and swallow them. It is not clear whether the eggs were laid on the land or in the water, as it was never observed prior to their extinction.

Eggs found in females measured up to 5.1 mm in diameter and had large yolk supplies. These large supplies are common among species that live entirely off yolk during their period of development. Most female frogs possessed around 40 ripe eggs, this number is almost double that of the number of juveniles ever to be observed occurring in the stomach (21-26). This means one of two things, that the female fails to swallow all the eggs or the first few eggs to be swallowed are digested.

At the time the female ingests the fertilized eggs her stomach was no different from that of any other frog species. In the jelly that surrounded each egg was a substance called prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). This substance had the ability to turn off the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. This source of PGE₂ was enough to cease the production of acid during the embryonic stages of the developing eggs. Once the eggs had hatched the tadpoles too created PGE₂. The mucus excreted from the tadpoles gills contained the PGE₂ necessary to maintain the stomach in a non-functional state. These mucus excretions do not occur in tadpoles of most other species. Tadpoles that don't live entirely off a yolk supply still produce mucus cord, but the mucus along with small food particles travels down the oesophagus into the gut. With Rheobatrachus (and several other species) there is no opening to the gut and the mucus cords are excreted. During the period that the offspring were present in the stomach the frog did not eat.

Information on tadpole development was observed by a group that was regurgitated by the mother and successfully raised in shallow water. During the early stages of development tadpoles lacked pigmentation, but as they aged they progressively develop adult colouration. Tadpole development took at least six weeks, during this time the size of the mother’s stomach continued to increase until it largely filled the body cavity. The lungs deflated and breathing relied more upon gas exchange through the skin. Despite the mothers increasing size she still remained active.

The birth process was widely spaced and may have occurred over a period of as long as a week. However, if disturbed the female may regurgitate all the young frogs in single act of propulsive vomiting. The offspring were completely developed when expelled and there was little variation in colour and length of a single clutch.

Cause of extinction

The cause for the gastric-brooding frogs' extinction is unknown but habitat loss/degradation, pollution, pathogens, parasites and over collecting may have contributed. A direct threat to the habitats through human activities was not clearly apparent and the amphibian chytrid fungus is suspected to have caused some if not most of the declines of these species.

Populations of Southern Gastric-brooding Frogs were present in logged catchments between 1972 and 1979. The effects of such logging activities upon Southern Gastric-brooding Frogs was not investigated but the species did continue to inhabit streams in the logged catchments. The habitat that the Southern Gastric-brooding Frog once inhabited is now threatened by feral pigs, the invasion of weeds, altered flow and water quality problems caused by upstream disturbances. Despite intensive searching, the species has not been located since 1979 or 1981 (depending on the source).

The Eungella National Park, where the Northern Gastric-brooding Frog was once found, was under threat from bushfires and weed invasion. Continual fires may have destroyed or fragmented sections of the forest. The outskirts of the park are still subject to weed invasion and the chytrid fungus has been located within several rainforest creeks within the park. It was thought that the declines of the Northern Gastric-brooding Frog during 1984 and 1985 were possibly normal population fluctuations. Despite continued efforts to locate the Northern Gastric-brooding Frog it has not been found. The last reported wild specimen was seen in 1980

Conservation status

Both species are listed as Extinct under both the IUCN Red List and under Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; however they are still listed as Endangered under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992.

Notes

References

• Barker, J.; Grigg, G.C.; Tyler, M.J. (1995): A Field Guide to Australian Frogs. Surrey Beatty & Sons.
• Pough, F.H.; Andrews, R.M.; Cadle, J.E.; Crump, M.; Savitsky, A.H. & Wells, K.D. (2003): Herpetology (3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
• Ryan, M. (ed.) (2003): Wildlife of Greater Brisbane. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
• Ryan, M. & Burwell, C. (eds.) (2003): Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
• Tyler, M.J. (1984): There's a frog in my throat/stomach. William Collins Pty Ltd, Sydney. ISBN 0-00-217321-2
• Tyler, M.J. (1994): Australian Frogs - A Natural History. Reed Books.
• Zug, G.E.; Vitt, L.J. & Caldwell, J.P. (2001): Herpetology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.

External links

• Animal Diversity Web - Rheobatrachus silus (Accessed - 2006/08/19)
• Frogs Australia Network - Southern Gastric Brooding Frog (Accessed - 2006/08/19)
• Frogs Australia Network - Northern Gastric Brooding Frog (Accessed - 2006/08/19)
• American Museum of Natural History - Rheobatrachus (Accessed - 2006/08/19)
• IUCN RedList - Rheobatrachus silus (Accessed - 2006/08/19)
• IUCN RedList - Rheobatrachus vitellinus(Accessed - 2006/08/19)