Téllez, Gabriel: see Tirso de Molina.

Terra, Gabriel, 1873-1942, president of Uruguay (1931-38). In his early career a member of the Colorado party under the leadership of Batlle y Ordóñez, Terra served in several political and diplomatic posts. He suspended congress in 1933, disbanded the council of administration (a body created by the constitution of 1919 as a check on executive power), and abolished the constitution. After a new constitution, promulgated in 1934, restored presidential authority, Terra was reelected and ruled largely by dictatorial decree. He suppressed a serious revolt in 1935. During his administration, however, the socialization of the republic, begun by Batlle, was continued. He was succeeded by an elected president, Alfredo Baldomir.

Tarde, Gabriel de, 1843-1904, French sociologist and criminologist. During his years of public service as a magistrate, he became interested in the psychosocial bases of crime. In Penal Philosophy (1890, tr. 1912) and other early works he criticized the concept of the atavistic criminal as developed by Cesare Lombroso. Later he formulated a general social theory, distinguishing between inventive and imitative persons. Among his works are On Communication and Social Influence (tr. 1969) and The Laws of Imitation (1890, tr. 1903).

Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, 1819-1903, British mathematician and physicist, b. Ireland, studied at Cambridge. From 1849 he was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge; he served as secretary (1854-85) and as president (1885-92) of the Royal Society. His researches, done in many fields, developed the modern theory of viscous fluids, revealed the nature of fluorescence, and helped to establish the composition of chlorophyll. The important work he did on the undulatory theory of light led to publication of his Dynamical Theory of Diffraction (1849). His other publications include Light (1884) and Natural Theology (1891).

San Gabriel Mountains, S Calif., E and NE of Los Angeles, running c.50 mi (80 km) westward from Cajon Pass. San Antonio Peak (10,080 ft/3,072 m) is the highest of the range. Citrus fruits are raised on the southern foothills.

San Gabriel, city (1990 pop. 37,120), Los Angeles co., SW Calif.; inc. 1913. Fabric, furniture, paper products, tools, and aircraft parts are manufactured. An annual three-day fiesta celebrates the founding (1771) of the San Gabriel Arcángel mission, which was partly rebuilt after an earthquake in 1812.

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 1828-82, English poet and painter; son of Gabriele Rossetti and brother of Christina Rossetti. He was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelites. In addition to attending the Royal Academy he studied painting briefly with Ford Madox Brown. In 1848 he became acquainted with W. Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais and with them formed the brotherhood of Pre-Raphaelites. In an effort to spread their ideas the group published in 1850 a short-lived magazine, the Germ, edited by Rossetti's brother William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919). In it was printed "The Blessed Damozel" by Dante Gabriel, written when he was 19 and considered by many to be his best poem. In 1851, John Ruskin championed the Pre-Raphaelites, and shortly thereafter made an arrangement with Rossetti to buy all of Rossetti's paintings that pleased him; thus, Rossetti became financially solvent. In 1860 he married his model Elizabeth Siddal, a former milliner's assistant whom he loved and had been more or less engaged to for nearly 10 years. Melancholic and tubercular, she took an overdose of laudanum and died in 1862. Rossetti, in a fit of guilt and grief, buried with her a manuscript containing a number of his poems. Some years later he permitted her body to be exhumed and the poems recovered. The first edition of his collected works appeared in 1870. The last years of his life were marked by an increasingly morbid state of mind (he became addicted to alcohol and chloral), and for a time he was considered insane. Although he began his career as a painter, Rossetti's lasting reputation rests upon his poetry. He never really mastered the technique of painting, and although his pictures are extremely sensuous, they are also somewhat two-dimensional. His best artistic efforts are his drawings, particularly the pen-and-ink portraits of his mother, his sister, and his wife. Almost inseparable in tone and feeling from his paintings, his poetry is noted for its pictorial effects and its atmosphere of luxurious beauty. Although there is always passion in his verse, there is also always thought. He was a master of the sonnet form, and his sonnet sequence "The House of Life" is one of his finest works. His other notable works include the ballad "Sister Helen" and the dramatic monologues "Jenny" and "A Last Confession." His translations from the Italian appeared as Dante and His Circle (1861). There are examples of his paintings in the Tate Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and in many collections in England and the United States.

Pierné, Henri Constant Gabriel, 1863-1937, French organist, conductor, and composer; pupil of Massenet and César Franck. His cantata Edith won the Prix de Rome in 1882. He succeeded Franck as organist at Ste Clotilde, 1890-98, and was chief conductor (1910-32) of the Colonne Concerts. He was elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1924. His most popular works are the oratorio La Croisade des Enfants (1905) and the piano piece Marche des petits soldats de plomb. He also wrote eight operas, instrumental and orchestral music, and songs.

Orsay, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, count d', 1801-52, French dandy. The son of a Bonapartist general, he went to England in 1821, where he met Marguerite, countess of Blessington, and her husband. In 1827, D'Orsay married Blessington's daughter, but the union was unsuccessful. After Blessington's death D'Orsay and Marguerite became the center of a fashionable artistic and literary circle in London. D'Orsay was long the authority on matters of taste in English society. In 1849, to escape his creditors, he fled to Paris.

Márquez, Gabriel García: see García Márquez, Gabriel.

Mugabe, Robert Gabriel, 1924-, president of Zimbabwe (1987-). A founder of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in 1963 and a guerrilla leader, Mugabe jointly negotiated independence in 1979 with Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). When Mugabe's ZANU won a majority in 1980, he became prime minister and chose reconciliation, including Nkomo and whites in his cabinet, but by 1982 he had broken with Nkomo and turned on his supporters. After Mugabe was elected president in 1987, a ZANU-ZAPU merger was negotiated (1988), returning Nkomo to the government. Reelected in 1990 and 1996, Mugabe was forced to abandon his commitment to a one-party Marxist state by 1991, but he nonetheless consolidated power, virtually eliminating opposition, and his regime became increasingly autocratic. Mugabe was an aggressive supporter of sanctions against South Africa and aided the African National Congress before the lifting of apartheid.

By 2000 support for Mugabe had dropped dramatically in urban areas; a constitutional change to increase presidential power lost at the polls, and an opposition party later won nearly half the elected seats in parliament. He was reelected in 2002 in a vote marked by government intimidation of the opposition and charges of vote rigging. The 2008 president election was similarly marred, but opposition candidate Morgan Tsvangirai won a plurality of the vote and forced a runoff; Tsvangirai was subsequently driven to withdraw from the runoff by violence against his supporters and threats against himself.

Moreau, Louis Gabriel: see Moreau, Jean-Michel.

Montgomery, Gabriel, seigneur de Lorges, comte de, c.1530-1574, French soldier. Captain of the Scottish guards of King Henry II of France, he accidentally killed the king in a tournament in 1559. Disgraced at court, he retired first to Normandy, then to England, where he was converted to Protestantism. He returned to France and there fought (1562-70) with distinction on the Protestant side in the Wars of Religion. He returned again in 1574, but was captured and put to death. The name is also spelled Montgommery.

Miró, Gabriel: see Miró Ferrer, Gabriel.

Miró Ferrer, Gabriel, 1879-1930, Spanish novelist and short-story writer. One of the Generation of '98, he achieved his powerful individual style through unusual combinations of words and cadences. His novels are sensuous in tone, haunting, and evocative. Their themes are the beauty and cruelty of nature and of man. Among them are Figuras de la pasión del Señor (1916, tr. Figures of the Passion of Our Lord, 1924), his masterpiece Libro de Sigüenza (1917), and Nuestro Padre San Daniel (1921, tr. Our Father, San Daniel, 1933).

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti or Riqueti, comte de, 1749-91, French revolutionary and political leader; son of Victor de Mirabeau.

Mirabeau's life before 1789 was characterized by wild excesses, which ruined his health and caused him to be repeatedly jailed—several times on the request of his father, with whom he carried on a public quarrel. For a while he supported himself by writing. The year 1785 found him an exile in England, where he moved in Whig circles, but in 1786 he was sent on a secret mission to Prussia. He betrayed his government's trust by publishing his unedited reports to Paris, containing accounts of scandal and intrigue in the Prussian court. The author of numerous pamphlets in which he violently denounced various abuses of the ancien régime, he was elected (1789) a delegate of the third estate for Aix-en-Provence in the States-General. His clear and practical ideas, his fiery eloquence, and his terrifying yet imposing appearance exerted a fascination over the delegates and the populace.

Despite his unsavory personal reputation, he found himself the spokesman of the third estate, particularly when, on June 23, the king ordered the States-General to leave the hall after the day's session had been declared closed. To the marquis de Dreux-Brézé, who announced the king's order, Mirabeau replied (his words have been variously reported): "We shall not leave our places save by the force of bayonets." The assembly remained in session and adopted Mirabeau's motion that its members were inviolable. However, despite his sonorous phrases, Mirabeau from the very beginning of the French Revolution sought to create a strong constitutional monarchy on the British model, which would permit him to play a decisive role as prime minister. In the Constituent Assembly he endeavored to strengthen the king's constitutional powers. However, members of the Assembly were barred from cabinet posts by a decree (Nov., 1789) specifically directed against him.

Shortly afterward Mirabeau began secret dealings with the court. He entered the pay of the king and queen and, beginning in May, 1790, dispatched a series of advisory notes to them. The royal couple did not heed his counsel, for he never entirely gained the confidence of the court, particularly of the queen. Meanwhile, he was increasingly criticized in the assembly, particularly by the Jacobins, who opposed his moderation; his political position was becoming untenable. He died in Apr., 1791, amid impressive manifestations of public sorrow and respect, for he had never lost his popularity with the masses. He was buried in the Panthéon, but his body was later removed when his dealings with the court were discovered.

Metzu, Gabriel: see Metsu, Gabriel.

Metsu or Metzu, Gabriel, 1630?-1667, Dutch genre painter, b. Leiden. In 1657 he moved to Amsterdam, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his youth he painted biblical subjects, such as Woman Taken in Adultery (Louvre), which show Rembrandt's influence. His true gift was for genre, and he is best known for his quiet, charming interiors that reveal the influence of Dou, his teacher. His work is distinguished by fine draftsmanship and exquisite handling of light and texture. Among his well-known works are Music Lesson (The Hague); Duet (National Gall., London); Mother with a Sick Child (c.1660, Amsterdam); Music Lesson, Visit to the Nursery, and Tavern Scene (all: Metropolitan Mus.).

Max, Gabriel, 1840-1915, German painter and illustrator, b. Prague; son and pupil of the sculptor Josef Max (1803-54). A student of psychology and anthropology, Gabriel Max is best known as a painter of mystical subjects. Characteristic of his ethereal style is The Last Token (Metropolitan Mus.).

Marcel, Gabriel 1889-1973, French philosopher, dramatist, and critic, b. Paris. A leading Christian existentialist, he became a Roman Catholic in 1929. He called himself a "concrete philosopher," indicating a reaction to his early idealism. He saw philosophy not as formulation of a system but rather as a personal reflection on the human situation. He held that the philosopher must be engagé, or personally involved, because existence and the human person are more significant than any abstraction. Involvement must be with other persons. To counter the impersonality of the mechanistic modern world and to recall man to an awareness of the mystery of being, Marcel spoke of the development of the individual in person-to-person dialogue. Human existence finds its earthly satisfaction in a God-centered communion of persons that is characterized by mutual fidelity and hope. His chief works include Metaphysical Journal (1927), Being and Having (1935), The Mystery of Being (1950), Presence and Immortality (1959), and a collection of essays, Philosophy of Existentialism (1961). His best-known plays are Un Homme de Dieu (1925) and Le Chemin de Crete (1936).

Lalemant, Gabriel (Saint Gabriel Lalemant), 1610-49, French Jesuit missionary in North America, nephew of Charles Lalemant and Jérôme Lalemant, one of the Jesuit Martyrs of North America. He entered the order in 1630 and was sent to Quebec in 1646. He was assistant to Jean de Brébeuf at a mission among the Huron when a band of Iroquois took the village and tortured the priests to death. Feast: Sept. 26 or (among the Jesuits) Mar. 16.

Johnston, Gabriel, 1699-1752, colonial governor of North Carolina (1734-52). An efficient and popular Scot, he nevertheless had constant difficulties with the assembly over quitrents and other financial matters and several times dissolved that body. During his administration numerous land grants to immigrants were issued, free schools were established, and Wilmington was developed.

Harvey, Gabriel, 1545?-1630?, English author. He studied at Cambridge and became a fellow of Pembroke Hall. There he became friends with Edmund Spenser, who later celebrated Harvey as Hobbinol in The Shepherd's Calendar. In 1578, Harvey became a fellow of Trinity Hall and began the study of law, but the publication of some satirical verses in 1579 involved him in considerable trouble with the authorities, and his appointment as master was recalled. The publication of the Four Letters (1592), a scurrilous post-mortem attack on Robert Greene, involved Harvey in the heated Martin Marprelate controversy, which was terminated in 1599 by the intervention of the government. Much of Harvey's Martinist writings contained personal rebuffs, particularly to Thomas Nashe, who had described Harvey as an arrogant, tactless misfit.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, 1853-1944, French historian and statesman. Twice minister of foreign affairs (1894-95, 1895-98), he greatly furthered the Franco-Russian rapprochement. His chief fame is as a historian, notably as the author of Contemporary France (4 vol., 1903-8; tr., 4 vol., 1903-9) and Histoire de la fondation de la troisième république (4 vol., 1925-26). He also edited the Histoire de la nation française (15 vol., 1925-27).

García Pérez, Alan Gabriel Ludwig, 1949-, Peruvian political leader, president of Peru (1985-90, 2006-). A lawyer and member of APRA, García is a charismatic speaker who rose rapidly in Peruvian politics. Elected to the congress in 1980, he became APRA's secretary-general two years later, and won the Peruvian presidency in 1985. García embarked on a leftist, nationalist program, but his attempts at reform were soon swamped by Shining Path violence and rampaging inflation, and his government was marred by profligate spending and corruption. Unpopular, and charged with corruption in 1992 by Fujimori's government, García went into exile. In 2001 he returned to Peru after the charges had lapsed and ran again for the presidency, but lost after a runoff to Alejandro Toledo Manrique. In 2006, however, he was regarded by many as more moderate and a lesser evil than his nationalist opponent, Ollanta Humala, a former army officer, and he won the presidency a second time.

García Márquez, Gabriel, 1928-, Colombian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist, b. Aracataca. Widely considered the greatest living Latin American master of narrative, García Márquez won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982. He began his literary career while a law student in Barranquilla, publishing stories in local magazines. He left Colombia in the late 1950s and has since lived in many places, later in life mainly in Mexico City. Drawing on his own history and that of his family, town, and nation and reflecting the influence of writers such as Jorges Luis Borges, Miguel Angel Asturias, and Alejo Carpentier, his work focuses on the physical and moral travail of coastal Colombia, which is given universal meaning in his books.

His two masterpieces One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967, tr. 1970), his best-known work, and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985, tr. 1988), present his central themes of violence, solitude, and the overwhelming human need for love. García Márquez's style marks a high point in Latin American magic realism; it is rich and lucid, mixing reality and fantasy. Among his other works are Leaf Storm and Other Stories (1955, tr. 1972), No One Writes to the Colonel and Other Stories (1958, tr. 1968), Innocent Erendira and Other Stories (1972, tr. 1978), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975, tr. 1976), The General in His Labyrinth (1989, tr. 1990), Of Love and Other Demons (1994, tr. 1995), and Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004, tr. 2005). His nonfiction work News of a Kidnapping (1996, tr. 1997) chronicles drug-related abductions in Colombia. Living to Tell the Tale (2002, tr. 2003) is the first of a projected three-volume autobiography.

García Moreno, Gabriel, 1821-75, president of Ecuador (1861-65, 1869-75), b. Guayaquil. A conservative with deep religious convictions, he gradually came to believe that Ecuadorans could only be united as a nation through their common Roman Catholic faith. As president he promulgated new constitutions (1861, 1869), signed (1862) a concordat with the church by which the civil power became the guarantor and executor of the church's independence and granted to it control over education, and ultimately established an authoritarian government in which Roman Catholic influence was paramount. A storm of liberal opposition was vigorously suppressed. Between terms as president he retained his hold by installing puppets. He was reelected in 1869 and granted additional privileges to the clerics; he also took extraordinary powers for himself. He is remembered more for his strong views and personality than his ability as an administrator who put his country on a sound financial basis and introduced a number of important material reforms. He was assassinated.

Gabriel, Jacques Ange, 1698-1782, French architect of the classical tradition. Descendant of a long line of architects, he ranks as one of the most distinguished French architects of his century. His work is characterized by classical repose, purity of form, and restraint. In 1742 he succeeded his father, Jacques Gabriel (1667-1742), as first architect to the king. For 30 years he worked for Louis XV at Versailles, Compiègne, and other royal residences. In 1753 he designed Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde) in Paris. He designed also the twin palaces north of the square and (1748) the theater of the palace of Versailles. In 1751, Gabriel commenced the vast École militaire in Paris and in 1755 began work on the unfinished parts of the Louvre, which he later had to suspend. In 1768 he finished the Petit Trianon in the gardens of Versailles.

Gabriel, archangel, the divine herald. In the Bible he appears to Daniel (twice), to Zacharias, and to the Virgin Mary in the Annunciation (Dan. 8.16; 9.21; Luke 1.19,26,27). Christian tradition makes Gabriel the archangel trumpeter of the Last Judgment (1 Thes. 4.16). In Islam, Gabriel revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, becoming the angel of truth. In art and literature Gabriel is mainly treated as the angel of the Annunciation. In the Annunciation he often carries a lily, properly the symbol of the Virgin. He is often represented on churches with trumpet raised and facing east, ready to proclaim the second coming of Christ. Feast: Sept. 29 (jointly with other archangels).

Fauré, Gabriel Urbain, 1845-1924, French composer; pupil of Saint-Saëns. In 1896 he succeeded Massenet as professor of composition at the Paris Conservatory, and was its director from 1905 to 1920. Among his many pupils were Ravel and Enesco. His works, largely of a refined, intimate quality, include nocturnes and barcaroles for piano, chamber music, and three operas. He is best known for his Requiem (1888) and many exquisite songs, including "Clair de Lune."

Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel, 1803-60, French genre and historical painter, engraver, and lithographer. First known for his caricatures and illustrations, he turned to painting in thick impasto and strong color. One of his richest sources was the Middle East, which he depicted in vivid detail. His Good Samaritan and Night Patrol at Smyrna are in the Metropolitan Museum.

D'Orsay, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, count: see Orsay, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, count d'.

Cibber or Cibert, Caius Gabriel, 1630-1700, Danish-English sculptor. Cibber was appointed carver to the king's closet for his services to William III of England. He worked for a time for Sir Christopher Wren. Cibber is best known for his statues Melancholy and Raving Madness, both in London. He also executed sculptures (destroyed) for the Royal Exchange and other works now at Chatsworth.

Cerré, Jean Gabriel, 1734-1805, frontiersman and trader in the American Midwest, b. Montreal, Canada. By 1755 he had established a fur-trading post at Kaskaskia, Ill., where for many years he was a prominent and powerful figure. He outfitted many traders and hunters for the Missouri region and maintained close relations with the Native Americans. The British made efforts to gain his support in the American Revolution, but he allied himself with the patriots and gave George Rogers Clark provisions and financial aid. Later he moved to St. Louis, where his influence was maintained until his death.

Bonvalot, Pierre Gabriel Édouard, 1853-1933, French explorer and author. In 1880-82 he visited central Asia, explored Kohistan, and returned to France by way of Bukhara, the Caspian sea, and the Caucasus. In 1886 he made the first crossing of the Pamirs, from Ferghana to Chitral, India. He crossed Tibet from Lop Nur to Nam Co (1889), traversed Asia from Siberia to Tonkin (1889-90), and led an official mission to Entotto, Ethiopia. His works include De Moscou en Bactriane (1884), De Paris au Tonkin à travers Tibet inconnu (1892), L' Asie inconnue (1896), and Marco Polo (1925).

Bethlen, Gabriel, 1580-1629, prince of Transylvania (1613-29). He was chief adviser of Stephen Bocskay and was elected prince after the assassination of Gabriel Báthory. A Protestant, though tolerant toward all religions, he allied himself (1619) with the Protestant Frederick the Winter King and overran Hungary, of which he was elected king (1620). After Frederick's defeat at the White Mt. (1620), Bethlen signed with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II the Treaty of Nikolsburg (1621), by which he renounced the royal title but retained control of seven Hungarian counties and received the rank of prince of the empire. He continued his relations with the Protestant powers opposing the emperor in the Thirty Years War and married the sister of the elector of Brandenburg; however, he kept the interests of Transylvania paramount. He was a wise administrator and encouraged the development of law and learning.

Segment of the Pacific Coast Ranges, southern California, U.S. Many peaks exceed 9,000 ft (2,700 m); the highest is San Antonio Peak, or Old Baldy, at 10,080 ft (3,072 m). The range also includes Mount Wilson Observatory, northeast of Pasadena. The mountains are largely within the Angeles National Forest.

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orig. Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti

(born May 12, 1828, London, Eng.—died April 9, 1882, Birchington-on-Sea, Kent) British painter and poet. Son of Gabriele Rossetti and brother of Christina Rossetti, he trained at the Royal Academy but vacillated between painting and poetry. As an informal pupil of Ford Madox Brown, he absorbed Brown's admiration for the German Nazarenes. In 1848, with several friends, he formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a group of painters treating religious, moral, and medieval subjects in a naturalistic style. Rossetti expanded the Brotherhood's aims by linking poetry, painting, and Social Idealism and by treating “Pre-Raphaelite” as synonymous with a romanticized medieval past. When his oil paintings were severely criticized, he turned to watercolours based on literary works, which he could more easily sell to acquaintances, and became very successful. The group broke up in 1852, but Rossetti revived it in 1856 with Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. After the death of his long-ailing wife in 1862, possibly by suicide, literary themes gave way to pictures of women, particularly Morris's wife, Jane. His poetry, including the sonnet sequence “The House of Life,” was widely admired. He broke with Morris in 1875 over his love for Jane and spent his later years as an alcoholic recluse.

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(born Feb. 21, 1924, Kutama, Southern Rhodesia) First prime minister (1980–87) and executive president (from 1987) of Zimbabwe. With Joshua Nkomo, Mugabe led a Marxist-inspired guerrilla war that forced the white-dominated government of Ian Smith to accept universal elections, which Mugabe's party, Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), easily won. He formed a coalition government with Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), but he removed Nkomo in 1982. In 1984 the two parties were merged as ZANU–Patriotic Front, as Mugabe moved to convert Zimbabwe from a parliamentary democracy into a one-party socialist state. His rule was marked by violence and intimidation and by a decreasing tolerance of political opposition.

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(born Feb. 21, 1924, Kutama, Southern Rhodesia) First prime minister (1980–87) and executive president (from 1987) of Zimbabwe. With Joshua Nkomo, Mugabe led a Marxist-inspired guerrilla war that forced the white-dominated government of Ian Smith to accept universal elections, which Mugabe's party, Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), easily won. He formed a coalition government with Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), but he removed Nkomo in 1982. In 1984 the two parties were merged as ZANU–Patriotic Front, as Mugabe moved to convert Zimbabwe from a parliamentary democracy into a one-party socialist state. His rule was marked by violence and intimidation and by a decreasing tolerance of political opposition.

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(born Feb. 28, 1940, Montona, Italy) Italian-born U.S. automobile-racing driver. He became interested in racing in Italy before moving to the U.S. in 1955. His notable wins include the United States Automobile Club (USAC) championship (1965–66, 1969), the Daytona Beach 500 stock-car race (1967), the Sebring Grand Prix (1967, 1970), the Indianapolis 500 (1969), and the Formula I world driving championship (1978). He retired from competition in 1994.

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(born Nov. 19, 1853, Beaurevoir, France—died April 11, 1944, Paris) French politician and historian. An archivist in the foreign ministry from 1880, he advanced rapidly and was appointed foreign minister in 1894. He oversaw French colonial expansion in French West Africa, Madagascar, and Tunisia. In 1898 he advocated a strong stand at Fashoda (see Fashoda Incident). He also championed a Franco-Russian alliance. His large body of historical writings centred on early modern institutional history and contemporary diplomatic affairs.

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or Gabriel Prosser

(born circa 1775, near Richmond, Va.—died September 1800, Richmond, Va., U.S.) American slave who planned the first slave rebellion in U.S. history. Born to an African-born mother, he grew up as the slave of Thomas H. Prosser. In 1800 the deeply religious Gabriel planned a slave insurrection to create an independent slave state in Virginia with himself as king. Intending to attack Richmond and kill all whites except Frenchmen, Methodists, and Quakers, he assembled 1,000 slaves outside the city on August 30, but a violent rainstorm washed out bridges and scattered the rebels. Before they could reassemble, Gov. James Monroe learned of the plot and ordered out the state militia. Gabriel and 34 others were arrested, tried, and hanged.

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orig. Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti

(born May 12, 1828, London, Eng.—died April 9, 1882, Birchington-on-Sea, Kent) British painter and poet. Son of Gabriele Rossetti and brother of Christina Rossetti, he trained at the Royal Academy but vacillated between painting and poetry. As an informal pupil of Ford Madox Brown, he absorbed Brown's admiration for the German Nazarenes. In 1848, with several friends, he formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a group of painters treating religious, moral, and medieval subjects in a naturalistic style. Rossetti expanded the Brotherhood's aims by linking poetry, painting, and Social Idealism and by treating “Pre-Raphaelite” as synonymous with a romanticized medieval past. When his oil paintings were severely criticized, he turned to watercolours based on literary works, which he could more easily sell to acquaintances, and became very successful. The group broke up in 1852, but Rossetti revived it in 1856 with Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. After the death of his long-ailing wife in 1862, possibly by suicide, literary themes gave way to pictures of women, particularly Morris's wife, Jane. His poetry, including the sonnet sequence “The House of Life,” was widely admired. He broke with Morris in 1875 over his love for Jane and spent his later years as an alcoholic recluse.

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(born Feb. 28, 1940, Montona, Italy) Italian-born U.S. automobile-racing driver. He became interested in racing in Italy before moving to the U.S. in 1955. His notable wins include the United States Automobile Club (USAC) championship (1965–66, 1969), the Daytona Beach 500 stock-car race (1967), the Sebring Grand Prix (1967, 1970), the Indianapolis 500 (1969), and the Formula I world driving championship (1978). He retired from competition in 1994.

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