Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August, 1829-96, German organic chemist. He was professor at Ghent (1858-65) and at Bonn from 1865. He made studies of various carbon compounds, especially benzene, for the molecular structure of which he developed the ring theory. This theory is of fundamental importance to modern chemistry.

(born May 8, 1899, Vienna, Austria—died March 23, 1992, Freiburg, Ger.) Austrian-born British economist. He moved to London in 1931 and held positions at the University of London and the London School of Economics, becoming a British citizen in 1938. Later posts included a professorship at the University of Chicago (1950–62). Throughout his life Hayek criticized socialism, often contrasting it with a system of free markets. In his works he opposed the theories of John Maynard Keynes and argued that government intervention in the free market is destructive of individual values and could not prevent such economic ailments as inflation, unemployment, and recession. His books include The Road to Serfdom (1944), The Constitution of Liberty (1960), and The Political Order of a Free People (1979). His views have been highly influential among conservatives, including Margaret Thatcher. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with Gunnar Myrdal.

Learn more about Hayek, Friedrich (August) von with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born May 8, 1899, Vienna, Austria—died March 23, 1992, Freiburg, Ger.) Austrian-born British economist. He moved to London in 1931 and held positions at the University of London and the London School of Economics, becoming a British citizen in 1938. Later posts included a professorship at the University of Chicago (1950–62). Throughout his life Hayek criticized socialism, often contrasting it with a system of free markets. In his works he opposed the theories of John Maynard Keynes and argued that government intervention in the free market is destructive of individual values and could not prevent such economic ailments as inflation, unemployment, and recession. His books include The Road to Serfdom (1944), The Constitution of Liberty (1960), and The Political Order of a Free People (1979). His views have been highly influential among conservatives, including Margaret Thatcher. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with Gunnar Myrdal.

Learn more about Hayek, Friedrich (August) von with a free trial on Britannica.com.

King-Friedrich-August-Tower (German: König-Friedrich-August-Turm) is the only observation tower of cast iron and perhaps the oldest tower built of iron. King-Friedrich-August-Tower is located on "Löbauer Berg" at Löbau, Saxony.

It was built in 1854. King-Friedrich-August-Tower, which has a total height of 28 metres has three observation galleries 12, 18 and 24 metres above ground. It was designed by Friedrich August Bretschneider jun. and its erection cost 25000 Taler. Construction work started on May 18th, 1854 after preparation of ground started on January 12th, 1854. On September 9th, 1854 it was inaugurated after King Friedrich August died in Tirol just before. In 1993, it was dismantled and its parts were thoroughly restored. In 1994, it was rebuilt.

External links

• http://www.loebau.info/netprodukt/web/html/loebau5/home_3_4_2_1.html

See also

• List of towers