Fréron, Élie, 1718-76, French critic and journalist. His critical journal, Année littéraire, virulently attacked the philosophes of the Enlightenment. Voltaire made him a butt of his ridicule in several of his works.

Élie Decazes, 1st duc Decazes and 1st Duke of Glücksbierg (duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg, 28 September 1780 - 24 October 1860), was a French statesman, known from 1815 to 1820 as 1st comte Decazes in France, 1st Duke of Glücksbierg in Denmark in 1818, and 1st duc Decazes in France in 1820 (all titles by primogeniture).

Early life

Élie Decazes was born at Saint-Martin-de-Laye in the Gironde department of the Aquitaine region of France, son of Michel Decazes (1747-1832) and wife, married in 1779, Cathérine Trigant de Beaumont. He studied law, became a judge in the tribunal of the Seine in 1806, was attached to the cabinet of Louis Bonaparte in 1807, and was counsel to the court of appeal at Paris in 1811. He had married in Paris on 1 August 1805 Elisabeth Fortunée Muraire, who died in Paris on 24 January 1806 and by whom he had no issue.

His younger brother Joseph Decazes (1783-1868) was created 1st vicomte Decazes and married in 1816 Diane de Brancalis de Maurel d'Aragon, and had issue Sophie de Decazes (1817-1904), married in 1835 to François de Carbonel, and Élie de Decazes (1822-1851), married in 1850 to Elisabeth de Mauvise de Villars, the parents of Raymond Decazes (1851-), married in 1887 to Marie Luise Koechlin (they had seven children).

Royalist

Immediately on the fall of the empire he declared himself a Royalist, and remained faithful to the Bourbons through the Hundred Days. He met King Louis XVIII during that period, through Baron Louis, and the king rewarded his service by appointing him prefect of police at Paris on 9 July 1815. His marked success in that difficult position won for him the ministry of police, in succession to Fouché, on 24 September.

Meanwhile, he had been elected deputy for the Seine (August 1815), and both as deputy and as minister he led the moderate Royalists. His formula was "to royalize France and to nationalize the monarchy." The Moderates were in a minority in the chamber of 1815, but Decazes persuaded Louis XVIII to dissolve the house, and the elections of October 1816 gave them a majority. During the next four years Decazes was called upon to play the leading role in the government.

Minister of Police

As minister of police, he had to suppress the insurrections provoked by the Ultra-royalists (the White Terror); after the resignation of the Duc de Richelieu, he took the actual direction of the ministry, although the nominal president was General Dessolles. Decazes simultaneously held the portfolio of the interior. The cabinet, in which Baron Louis was minister of finance, and Marshal Gouvion Saint Cyr remained minister of war, was entirely Liberal; and its first act was to suppress the ministry of police, as Decazes felt it incompatible with the régime of liberty. His reforms met with the strong hostility of the Chamber of Peers, where the ultra-Royalists were in a majority, and to overcome it he got the king to create sixty new Liberal peers.

He then passed the laws on the press, suppressing the censorship. By reorganization of the finances, the protection of industry and the carrying out of great public works, France regained its economic prosperity, and the ministry became popular. But the powers of the Grand Alliance had been watching the growth of Liberalism in France with increasing anxiety. Metternich especially ascribed this mainly to the "weakness" of the ministry, and when in 1819 the political elections still further illustrated this trend, notably by the election of the famous Abbé Henri Grégoire, it began to be debated whether the time had not come to put in force the terms of the secret Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. It was this threat of foreign intervention, rather than the clamour of the "Ultras," that forced Louis XVIII to urge a change in the electoral law that should render such a "scandal" as Grégoire's election impossible for the future.

By this time he married secondly on 11 August 1818 Egidia de Beaupoir, Comtesse de St.-Atalaire-Glücksbierg, who died in Versailles on 8 August 1873. By her he had Louis-Charles-Élie-Amanien (1819-86), Minister of Foreign Affairs (France), Frédéric Xavier Stanislas Decazes de Glücksbierg (1823 - Paris, 26 February 1887), unmarried and without issue, and Henriette Guillermine Eugénie Decazes de Glücksbierg (23 November 1824 - Tournai, November, 1899), married on 19 April 1845 Léopold Jacques Alphonse, Baron Lefebvre.

Prime Minister

Dessolles and Baron Louis, refusing to embark on this policy, now resigned; and Decazes became head of the new ministry, as president of the council (November 1819). The exclusion of Grégoire from the chamber and the changes in the franchise embittered the Radicals without reconciling the "Ultras." The news of the revolution in Spain in January 1820 made matters worse; the foolish and criminal policy of the royal favourite had begun another revolution. Decazes was denounced as the new Sejanus, the modern Catiline; and when, on 13 February, the Duke of Berry was murdered, clamorous tongues loudly accused him of being an accomplice in the crime. Decazes, indeed, foreseeing the storm, at once placed his resignation in the king's hands. Louis at first refused. "They will attack," he exclaimed, "not your system, my dear son, but mine." But in the end he was forced to yield to the importunity of his family (17 February); and Decazes, raised to the rank of duke, passed into honourable exile as ambassador to Britain.

This ended Decazes's career. In December 1821 he returned to sit in the House of Peers, when he continued to maintain his Liberal opinions. After 1830 he adhered to the July Monarchy, but after 1848 he remained in retirement. He had organized in 1826 a society to develop the coal and iron of the Aveyron, and the name of Decazeville was given in 1829 to the principal centre of the industry.