Doris Lessing

Lessing, Doris, 1919-, British novelist, b. Kermanshah, Persia (now Iran) as Doris May Tayler. Largely self-educated, she was brought up on a farm in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and in 1949 went to England, where her first novel, The Grass Is Singing (1950), was published. Widely regarded as one of the major writers of the mid-20th cent. and an influential figure among feminists, Lessing writes on a wide variety of themes including Rhodesia, women, communism, and global catastrophe. Distinguished for its energy and intelligence, her work is principally concerned with the lives of women—their psychology, sexuality, politics, work, relationship to men and to their children, and their change of vision as they age. In her later books she has mainly focused on efforts by individuals to resist society's pressures toward marginalization and acculturation.

Throughout Lessing's work run currents of realism and fantasy, each of which dominate in some novels and mingle in others. Her fiction includes a series of five novels collectively entitled The Children of Violence, which concern a semiautobiographical character named Martha Quest; the series includes Martha Quest (1952), Ripple from the Storm (1958), and The Four-Gated City (1969). A series of five science-fiction novels is collectively entitled Canopus in Argos: Archives, of which The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982) is best known. One of her most influential works, The Golden Notebook (1962), a study of the struggles of a woman writer, served as an inspiration to the feminist movement of the 1960s and 70s, and is now considered a classic of feminist fiction.

Among Lessing's other novels are Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971); The Summer before the Dark (1973); The Good Terrorist (1985); The Fifth Child (1988) and its sequel, Ben, in the World (2000); The Sweetest Dream (2001), a semiautobiographical tale of the 1960s; The Grandmothers (2003); and The Cleft (2007). To dramatize the plight of unknown novelists, Lessing wrote two novels, The Diary of a Good Neighbour (1983) and If the Old Could (1984), under the pseudonym of Jane Somers; they were ignored by critics until Lessing revealed their true authorship. She is well known for her short stories and has also written essays, e.g., Time Bites (2005). Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.

orig. Doris May Tayler

(born Oct. 22, 1919, Kermānshāh, Persia [now Iran]) British novelist and short-story writer. She lived on a farm in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) from 1924 to 1949 before settling in England and beginning her writing career. Her works, which have often reflected her leftist political activism, are largely concerned with people caught in social and political upheavals. Children of Violence (1952–69), a semiautobiographical five-novel series featuring the character Martha Quest, reflects her African experience and is among her most substantial works. The Golden Notebook (1962), her most widely read novel, is a feminist classic. Her masterful short stories are published in several collections. Other works include a science-fiction novel sequence, several novels published under the pseudonym Jane Somers, the volumes of autobiography Under My Skin (1994) and Walking in the Shade (1997), and collections of essays, including Time Bites (2004). She won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007.

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Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing and The Golden Notebook.

In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature. She was described by the Swedish Academy as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny". Lessing is the eleventh woman to win the prize in its 106-year history, and also the oldest person ever to win the literature award.

Background

Lessing was born to Captain Alfred Tayler and Emily Maude Tayler (née McVeagh), who were both English and of British nationality. Her father, who had lost a leg during his service in World War I, met his future wife, a nurse, at the Royal Free Hospital where he was recovering from his amputation.

Alfred Tayler moved his family to Kermanshah, in Persia (now Iran), in order to take up a job as a clerk for the Imperial Bank of Persia and it was here that Doris was born in 1919. The family then moved to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1925 to farm maize, when her father purchased around one thousand acres of bush. Lessing's mother attempted to lead an Edwardian life style amongst the rough environment, which would have been easy had the family been wealthy; it was not. The farm was not successful and failed to deliver the wealth the Taylers had expected.

Lessing was educated at the Dominican Convent High School, a Roman Catholic convent all-girls school in Salisbury (now Harare). Lessing left school aged 14, and thereafter was self-educated. She left home at 15 and worked as a nursemaid, and it was around this time that Lessing started reading material on politics and sociology that her employer gave her to read. She began writing around this time. In 1937, Lessing moved to Salisbury to work as a telephone operator, and she soon married her first husband, Frank Wisdom, with whom she had two children, before the marriage ended in 1943.

Following her divorce, Lessing was drawn to the Left Book Club, a communist book club, and it was here that she met her second husband, Gottfried Lessing. They were married shortly after she joined the group and had a child together, before the marriage also ended in divorce in 1949. Gottfried Lessing later became the East German ambassador to Uganda, and was murdered in the 1979 rebellion against Idi Amin Dada.

Writing career

Because of her campaigning against nuclear arms and South African apartheid, Lessing was banned from that country and from Rhodesia for many years. Lessing moved to London with her youngest son in 1949 and it was at this time her first novel, The Grass Is Singing, was published. Her breakthrough work, written in 1962, was The Golden Notebook.

In 1984, she attempted to publish two novels under a pseudonym, Jane Somers, to demonstrate the difficulty new authors faced in trying to break into print. The novels were declined by Lessing's UK publisher, but accepted by another English publisher, Michael Joseph, and in the US by Alfred A. Knopf.

She declined a damehood, but accepted a Companion of Honour at the end of 1999 for "conspicuous national service". She has also been made a Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature.

On 11 October, 2007, Lessing was announced as the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature. She was 87, making her the oldest winner of the literature prize at the time of the award and the third oldest Nobel Laureate in any category. She also stands as only the eleventh woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature by the Swedish Academy in its 106-year history. She told reporters outside her home "I've won all the prizes in Europe, every bloody one, so I'm delighted to win them all. It's a royal flush. In a 2008 interview for the BBC's Front Row, she stated that increased media interest following the award had left her without time for writing.

Literary style

Lessing's fiction is commonly divided into three distinct phases: the Communist theme (1944-1956), when she was writing radically on social issues (and returned to in The Good Terrorist (1985)), the psychological theme (1956-1969), and after that the Sufi theme, which was explored in a science fiction setting in the Canopus series (see below). She later converted to Sufi Islam, saying her life and Marxist worldview lacked a spiritual dimension.

Lessing's switch to science fiction was not popular with many critics. For example, in the New York Times in 1982 John Leonard wrote in reference to The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 that "One of the many sins for which the 20th century will be held accountable is that it has discouraged Mrs. Lessing.... She now propagandizes on behalf of our insignificance in the cosmic razzmatazz." To which Lessing replied: "What they didn't realize was that in science fiction is some of the best social fiction of our time. I also admire the classic sort of science fiction, like Blood Music, by Greg Bear. He's a great writer. Unlike some authors primarily known for their mainstream work, she has never hesitated to admit that she writes science fiction. She was Writer Guest of Honour at the 1987 World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), and made a well-received speech in which she described her science-fictional Memoirs of a Survivor as "an attempt at an autobiography.

Her novel The Golden Notebook is considered a feminist classic by some scholars, but notably not by the author herself, who later wrote that its theme of mental breakdowns as a means of healing and freeing one's self from illusions had been overlooked by critics. She also regretted that critics failed to appreciate the exceptional structure of the novel. As she explains in Walking in the Shade Lessing modelled Molly, to an extent, on her good friend Joan Rodker, the daughter of the author and publisher John Rodker.

Lessing does not like the idea of being pigeon-holed as a feminist author. When asked why, she replies:

When asked about which of her books she considers most important, Lessing chose the Canopus in Argos science fiction series. These books show, from many different perspectives, an advanced society's efforts at forced evolution (also see Progressor and Uplift). The Canopus series is based partly on Sufi concepts, to which Lessing was introduced by Idries Shah. Earlier works of "inner space" fiction like Briefing for a Descent into Hell and Memoirs of a Survivor also connect to this theme.

Archive

Lessing's largest literary archive is held by the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, at the University of Texas at Austin. The 45 archival boxes of Lessing's materials at the Ransom Center represent nearly all of her extant manuscripts and typescripts through 1999. Original material for Lessing's early books is assumed not to exist because Lessing kept none of her early manuscripts. Other institutions, such as McFarlin Library at the University of Tulsa hold smaller collections.

Awards

• Somerset Maugham Award (1954)
• Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
• Austrian State Prize for European Literature (1981)
• Shakespeare-Preis der Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F. V. S., Hamburg (1982)
• W. H. Smith Literary Award (1986)
• Palermo Prize (1987)
• Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
• Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
• James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography(1995)
• Los Angeles Times Book Prize (1995)
• Premi Internacional Catalunya (1999)
• Order of the Companions of Honour (1999)
• Companion of Literature of the Royal Society of Literature (2000)
• David Cohen British Literary Prize (2001)
• Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
• S.T. Dupont Golden PEN Award (2002)
• Nobel Prize in Literature (2007)

Works

Novels

• The Grass is Singing (1950)
• The Golden Notebook (1962)
• Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971)
• The Summer Before the Dark (1973)
• Memoirs of a Survivor (1974)
• The Diary of a Good Neighbour (as Jane Somers, 1983)
• If the Old Could... (as Jane Somers, 1984)
• The Good Terrorist (1985)
• The Fifth Child (1988)
• Playing the Game (graphic novel, illustrated by Charlie Adlard, 1995)
• Love, Again (1996)
• Mara and Dann (1999)
• Ben, in the World (2000) – sequel to The Fifth Child
• The Sweetest Dream (2001)
• The Story of General Dann and Mara's Daughter, Griot and the Snow Dog (2005) – sequel to Mara and Dann
• The Cleft (2007)
• Alfred and Emily (2008)The Children of Violence series
• Martha Quest (1952)
• A Proper Marriage (1954)
• A Ripple from the Storm (1958)
• Landlocked (1965)
• The Four-Gated City (1969)The Canopus in Argos: Archives series
• Shikasta (1979)
• The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980)
• The Sirian Experiments (1980)
• The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982)
• The Sentimental Agents in the Volyen Empire (1983)Operas
• The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (music by Philip Glass, 1986)
• The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (music by Philip Glass, 1997)Drama
• Each His Own Wilderness (three plays, 1959)
• Play with a Tiger (1962)Poetry
• Fourteen Poems (1959)
• The Wolf People - INPOPA Anthology 2002 (poems by Lessing, Robert Twigger and T.H. Benson, 2002)

Story collections

• Five Short Novels (1953)
• The Habit of Loving (1957)
• A Man and Two Women (1963)
• African Stories (1964)
• Winter in July (1966)
• The Black Madonna (1966)
• The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972)
• This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1 (1973)
• The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2 (1973)
• To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1 (1978)
• The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. 2 (1978)
• Through the Tunnel (1990)
• London Observed: Stories and Sketches (1992)
• The Real Thing: Stories and Sketches (1992)
• Spies I Have Known (1995)
• The Pit (1996)
• The Grandmothers: Four Short Novels (2003) Cat Tales
• Particularly Cats (stories and nonfiction, 1967)
• Particularly Cats and Rufus the Survivor (stories and nonfiction, 1993)
• The Old Age of El Magnifico (stories and nonfiction, 2000)Non-fiction
• Going Home (memoir, 1957)
• In Pursuit of the English (1960)
• Prisons We Choose to Live Inside (essays, 1987)
• The Wind Blows Away Our Words (1987)
• African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe (memoir, 1992)
• A Small Personal Voice (essays, 1994)
• Conversations (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1994)
• Putting the Questions Differently (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1996)
• Time Bites (essays, 2004)Autobiography
• Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, to 1949 (1994)
• Walking in the Shade: Volume Two of My Autobiography, 1949 to 1962 (1997)

References

External links

• Doris Lessing homepage created by Jan Hanford
• Interview with TIME
• Profile and overview of works in Bookmarks magazine
• Doris Lessing on MySpace
• Joyce Carol Oates on Doris Lessing
• Doris Lessing's papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• University of Tulsa McFarlin Library's inventory of Doris Lessing manuscripts housed in their special collections department.
• Doris Lessing Page at Guardian Unlimited contains links to all available articles and reviews by Lessing to appear at Guardian Unlimited, including audio, streaming video, and interviews, and additional articles focusing on Lessing from other writers
• "The TLS on Doris Lessing": a collection of pieces on Doris Lessing from TLS, October 11 2007.
• 'The Knife by the Handle at Last' Tim Parks review of Alfred and Emily from The New York Review of Books