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List of doctoral degrees awarded by country

The list of doctoral degrees awarded by country includes all doctoral degrees worldwide.

Czech Republic

The Czech system of doctoral degrees is almost identical with that of Slovakia, both systems being for a large part inherited from the Czechoslovak system.

Denmark

dr. med. (doctor medicinæ) – Medicine
dr. jur. (doctor juris) – Law
dr. theol. (doctor theologiæ) – Theology
dr. phil. (doctor philosophiæ) – Philosophy (humanities)
dr. polit. (doctor politices) – Economics
dr. scient. (doctor scientiarum) – Science (natural sciences)
dr. techn. (doctor technices) – Technology/engineering
dr. ling. merc. (doctor linguæ mercantilis) – Professional language

Finland

This list is comprehensive list of doctoral decrees granted by Finnish universities, based on the Government decree on university degrees. The English translations are official.

Elintarviketieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Food Science
Eläinlääketieteen tohtori – Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
Farmasian tohtori– Doctor of Science (Pharmacy)
Filosofian tohtori – Doctor of Philosophy
Hallintotieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Administrative Sciences
Kasvatustieteen tohtori – Doctor of Philosophy (Education)
Kauppatieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Science (Economics and Business Administration)
Kuvataiteen tohtori – Doctor of Fine Arts
Liikuntatieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Philosophy (Sport and Health Sciences)
Lääketieteen tohtori – Doctor of Medical Science
Maatalous- ja metsätieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Science (Agriculture and Forestry)
Musiikin tohtori – Doctor of Music
Oikeustieteen tohtori – Doctor of Laws
Psykologian tohtori – Doctor of Psychology
Taiteen tohtori – Doctor of Arts (Art and Design)
Tanssitaiteen tohtori – Doctor of Arts (Dance)
Teatteritaiteen tohtori – Doctor of Arts (Theater and Drama)
Tekniikan tohtori – Doctor of Science (Technology) or Doctor of Science (Architecture)
Teologian tohtori – Doctor of Theology
Terveystieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Health Sciences
Valtiotieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Social Sciences
Yhteiskuntatieteiden tohtori – Doctor of Social Sciences

France

Doctorat: Ph.D. equivalent. Traditional mentions are :

Doctorat ès lettres: Doctorate of Letters.
Doctorat ès sciences: Doctorate of Science.
Doctorat en droit; Doctorate of Laws.

Diplôme d'État de docteur (State Degree of Doctor): professional doctorate equivalent.

Diplôme d'État de chirurgien dentiste: Doctor of Dental Surgery.
Diplôme d’État de docteur en médécine: Doctor of Medicine.
Diplôme d'État de docteur en pharmacie: Doctor of Pharmacy.
Diplôme d'État de docteur vétérinaire: Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

Until 1984 existed a higher doctorate called Doctorat d'État and a junior doctorate called Doctorat de troisième cycle.

Germany

Dr. h.c. (Doctor honoris causa - honorary doctor), but: Dr.-Ing. E.h. (German: ehrenhalber)
Dr.-Ing. (Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften - engineering, sometimes Computer Science)
Dr. iur. (Doctor iuris - law), also: Dr. jur. although this is not the correct spelling
Dr. iur. utr. (Doctor iuris utriusque - both Laws, secular and Canon Law, "Doktor beider Rechte" (weltliches und kanonisches Recht))

Dr. oec. pub. (Doctor œconomiae publicae - business administration ("Betriebswirtschaftslehre") or macro- and micro-economics ("Volkswirtschaftslehre"))
Dr. theol. (Doctor theologiae - theology)
Dr. paed. (Doctor paed. - education ("Doktor der Pädagogik"))
Dr. phil. (Doctor philosophiae - most of the humanities)
Dr. rer. medic. (Doctor rerum medicarum - "Doktor der Medizinwissenschaften" or Doctor of medical science)
Dr. rer. nat. (Doctor rerum naturalium - literally "Doctor of natural things" - all natural sciences, mathematics and computer science)
Dr. rer. soc. (Doctor rerum socialium. - social sciences ("Doktor der Sozialwissenschaften"))
Dr. rer. pol. (Doctor rerum politicarum - economics, business administration, sociology and related subjects)

Despite the name not a genuine doctoral degree, but equivalent to a Masters Degree:

Dr. med. (Doctor medicinae - medicine), also Dr. med. dent. for dentists and Dr. med. vet. for veterinarians

Slovakia

The system of Slovak doctoral degrees has been inherited from Czechoslovakia and is for a large part identical with that of the Czech Republic.

Doctoral degrees gained after graduation

Doctor of medicine (Medicinæ universæ doctor – MUDr.)
Doctor of dental medicine (Medicinæ dentalis doctor – MDDr.)
Doctor of veterinary medicine (Medicinæ veterinariæ doctor – MVDr.)

These degrees are written before the name.

Doctoral degrees gained after graduation and rigorous examination

Doctor of philosophy (Philosophiæ doctor – PhDr.)
Doctor of natural sciences (Rerum naturalium doctor – RNDr.)
Doctor of pharmacy (Pharmaciæ doctor – PharmDr.)
Doctor of laws (Juris utrisque doctor – JUDr.)
Doctor of paedeutics (Paedagogiæ doctor – PaedDr., no longer used in the Czech Republic)
Doctor of theology (Theologiæ doctor – ThDr.)
Doctor of economy (Rerum commercialum doctor – RCDr., no longer used)
Doctor of social sciences (Rerum societarum doctor – RSDr., deprecated – used by the Czechoslovak communist regime)

These degrees are written before the name.

Doctoral degrees gained after post-graduate study

Candidate of sciences (Candidatus scientarum – CSc., since 1997 replaced by common PhD.)
Doctor of philosophy (Philosophiae doctor – PhD., awarded since 1997; requires at least 3–5-year doctoral study)
Doctor of theology (Theologiae doctor – ThD.) – doctoral study in theology
Doctor of sciences (Doctor scientarum – DrSc. (DSc. in the Czech Republic); prerequisite: a PhD.-level degree)

These degrees are written after the name.

Both Czech and Slovak orthography state that the 'philosophiae doctor' is abbreviated as 'PhD.' in analogy to all of the other degrees, however, perhaps under influence of international use of 'Ph.D.', this foreign form is used in the Czech Law of the Academic and Scientific Degrees. In fact, Czech lawgivers have enacted an orthographical mistake.