Cite books

List of works on intelligent design

This is a list of works addressing the subject or the themes of intelligent design.

Non fiction

Supportive

Books

Ashton, John F (ed.) (2001). In Six Days : Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation. Master Books.
Ashton, John F (ed.) (2001). On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God. Master Books.
Michael J. Behe. Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, New York: Free Press, 1996. ISBN 0-684-83493-6
Michael J. Behe, William A. Dembski, Stephen C. Meyer. Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe (Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute), Ignatius Press 2000, ISBN 0-89870-809-5
Michael J. Behe, The Edge of Evolution, Free Press, June 5, 2007, ISBN 0-743-29620-6
Campbell, John Angus; Stephen C. Meyer (eds) (2004). Darwinism, Design, and Public Education. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Ann Coulter (2006). Godless: The Church of Liberalism. Crown Forum. ISBN 1-4000-5420-6.
Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins 1989 (2nd edition 1993) ISBN 0-914513-40-0
William A. Dembski. Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science & Theology, InterVarsity Press 1999. ISBN 0-8308-1581-3
William A. Dembski, James M. Kushiner. Signs of Intelligence: Understanding Intelligent Design, Brazos Press, 2001, ISBN 1-58743-004-5
William A. Dembski, John Wilson. Uncommon Dissent: Intellectuals Who Find Darwinism Unconvincing, ISI Press, 2004. ISBN 1-932236-31-7
William A. Dembski and Jonathan Wells, The Design of Life, Foundation for Thought and Ethics, November 19, 2007.
William A. Dembski, The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions About Intelligent Design (Forward by Charles W. Colson). Inter Varsity Press. 2004, ISBN 0-8308-2375-1
Steve Fuller. Science vs Religion? Intelligent Design and the Problem of Evolution. Polity Books. 2007, ISBN 0745641229.
Steve Fuller. Dissent Over Descent: Evolution's 500-year War on Intelligent Design. Icon Books Ltd. 2008, ISBN 1840468041
Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay Richards, The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos is Designed for Discovery Regnery Publishing 2006
Phillip E. Johnson. Darwin on Trial, Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1991. ISBN 0-8308-1324-1
Phillip E. Johnson. Defeating Darwinism by opening minds, Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8308-1362-4
Phillip E. Johnson. Evolution as dogma: the establishment of naturalism, Dallas, Tex.: Haughton Pub. Co., 1990
Stephen C. Meyer, Scott Minnich, Jonathan Moneymaker, Paul A. Nelson, and Ralph Seelke, Explore Evolution: The Arguments for and Against Neo-Darwinism, Hill House Publishers Pty. Ltd., Melbourne and London, 2007, ISBN 0947352473.
Robert G. Neuhauser. The Cosmic Deity: Where Scientists and Theologians Fear to Tread, Mill Creek Publishers. 2004. ISBN 0-9759043-0-2
Denyse O'Leary, By Design or By Chance? The Growing Controversy on the Origins of Life in the Universe, Augsburg Books, June 2004, ISBN 0806651776
Dean L. Overman, A Case Against Accident and Self-Organization, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997, ISBN 0-8476-8966-2
William Paley. Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, London: 12th edition, 1809. Online in full.
Nancy Pearcey (2004). Total Truth: Liberating Christianity from its Cultural Captivity. Crossway Books. ISBN 1-58134-458-9.
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Life Comes From Life, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust ISBN 0-89213-100-4 (ID from the Vedic Perspecitve)
Geoffrey Simmons, William Dembski. What Darwin Didn't Know, Harvest House Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-7369-1313-0
Markus Rammerstorfer (2006). Nur eine Illusion? Biologie und Design. publisher. ISBN 3-8288-9117-9.
Lee Strobel: The Case for a Creator, Zondervan, 2004, ISBN 0-310-24144-8
Thomas Woodward. Doubts About Darwin: A History of Intelligent Design, Baker Books, 1993, ISBN 0-8010-6443-0
Wells, Jonathan (2002). Icons of Evolution. Regnery Publishing.
Jonathan Wells (2006). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design. ISBN 1-59698-013-3.

Anthologies

John Angus Campbell, Stephen C. Meyer ed. Darwinism, Design and Public Education, Michigan State University Press, December 2003, ISBN 0870136704

Why Are We Still Debating Darwinism? Why Not Teach the Controversy? John Angus Campbell
PART I—Should Darwinism Be Presented Critically and Comparatively in the Public Schools? Philosophical, Educational, and Legal Issues

Intelligent Design, Darwinism, and the Philosophy of Public Education, John Angus Campbell

Intelligent Design Theory, Religion, and the Science Curriculum, Warren A. Nord

Teaching the Controversy: Is It Science, Religion, or Speech? David DeWolf, Stephen C. Meyer, and Mark E. DeForrest

PART II—Scientific Critique of Biology Textbooks and Contemporary Evolutionary Theory

The Meanings of Evolution, Stephen C. Meyer and Michael Newton Keas
The Deniable Darwin, David Berlinski
Haeckel’s Embryos and Evolution: Setting the Record Straight, Jonathan Wells
Second Thoughts about Peppered Moths, Jonathan Wells
Where Do We Come From? A Humbling Look at the Biology of Life’s Origin, Massimo Pigliucci
Origin of Life and Evolution in Biology Textbooks: A Critique, Gordon C. Mills, Malcolm Lancaster, and Walter L. Bradley

PART III—The Theory of Intelligent Design: A Scientific Alternative to Neo-Darwinian and/or Chemical Evolutionary Theories

DNA and the Origin of Life: Information, Specification, and Explanation, Stephen C. Meyer
Design in the Details: The Origin of Biomolecular Machines, Michael J. Behe
Homology in Biology: Problem for Naturalistic Science and Prospect for Intelligent Design, Paul Nelson and Jonathan Wells
The Cambrian Explosion: Biology’s Big Bang, Stephen C. Meyer, Marcus Ross, Paul Nelson, and Paul Chien
Reinstating Design within Science, William A. Dembski

PART IV—Critical Responses

The Rhetoric of Intelligent Design: Alternatives for Science and Religion, Celeste Michelle Condit
Intelligent Design and Irreducible Complexity: A Rejoinder, David Depew
Biochemical Complexity: Emergence or Design? Bruce H. Weber
Design Yes, Intelligent No: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory and Neo-Creationism, Massimo Pigliucci
On Behalf of the Fool, Michael Ruse
Rhetorical Arguments and Scientific Arguments: Do My Children Have to Listen to More Arguments against Evolution? Eugene Garver
Design? Yes! But Is It Intelligent? William Provine
Creation and Evolution: A Modest Proposal, Alvin Plantinga
Thinking Pedagogically about Design, John Lyne
An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Intelligent Design Theory Steve Fuller
Creationism versus Darwinism: A Third Alternative, Brig Klyce and Chandra Wickramasinghe
The Rhetorical Problem of Intelligent Design, Phillip E. Johnson

Appendixes

A. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Hearing: On Curriculum Controversies in Biology, 21 August 1998
B. Helping Schools to Teach Evolution, Donald Kennedy
C. Stratigraphic First Appearance of Phyla-Body Plans
D. Stratigraphic First Appearance of Phyla-Subphyla Body Plans
E. Probability of Other Body Plans Originating in the Cambrian Explosion

An anthology of papers from the November 1996 conference of the same name, sponsored by Christian Leadership Ministries.

Introduction, William Dembski
Part 1,"Unseating Naturalism," Walter Bradley, Jonathan Wells
Part 2, "Design Theory," Nancy Pearcey, William Dembski, Steve Meyer, Paul Nelson
Part 3, "Biological Design," Michael Behe, Siegfried Scherer, Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer, Jeff Schloss
Part 4, "Philosophy and Design," J.P. Moreland, Del Ratzsch, John Mark Reynolds, Bill Craig
Part 5, "Design in the Universe," Hugh Ross, Robert Kaita, David Berlinski, Robert Newman
Concluding essays, Phillip E. Johnson‎, Bruce Chapman

Papers, Articles

Film

Critical

Books

Ayala, Francisco J. (2006). Darwin and Intelligent Design. Fortress Press.
Brockman, John (ed.) (2006). Intelligent thought. Science versus the intelligent design movement. New York, New York: Vintage.
Richard Dawkins. The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design, W. W. Norton & Company (1996). ISBN 0-393-31570-3
Richard Dawkins. The God Delusion, Houghton Mifflin (October 18, 2006). ISBN 0-618-68000-4
Barbara Forrest and Paul R. Gross. Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design, Oxford University Press (2004). ISBN 0-19-515742-7
Isaak, Mark (2005). The Counter-Creationism Handbook. Greenwood Press.
Ernst Mayr. One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought, Harvard University Press (1993). ISBN 0-674-63906-5
Kenneth R. Miller. Finding Darwin's God, HarperCollins (1999). ISBN 0-06-093049-7
National Academy of Sciences. Science and Creationism, National Academies Press (1999). ISBN 0-309-06406-6
Chris Mooney. The Republican War on Science, Basic Books (2005). ISBN 0-465-04676-2
Robert Pennock. Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism, MIT Press (1999). ISBN 0-262-66165-9
Mark Perakh. Unintelligent Design, Prometheus (Dec 2003). ISBN 1-59102-084-0
Andrew J. Petto (Editor), Laurie R. Godfrey (Editor). Scientists Confront Intelligent Design and Creationism, W. W. Norton (2007). ISBN 0393050904
Massimo Pigliucci. Denying Evolution: Creationism, Scientism, and the Nature of Science, Sinauer Associates, Incorporated (2002). ISBN 0-87893-659-9
Niall Shanks. God, the Devil, and Darwin: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory, Oxford University Press (2004). ISBN 0-19-516199-8
Robyn Williams. Unintelligent Design, Why God isn't as smart as she thinks she is, Allen & Unwin (2006). ISBN 978-1-74114-923-4
Matt Young, Taner Edis eds. Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism, Rutgers University Press (2004). ISBN 0-8135-3433-X
Joan Roughgarden Evolution and Christian Faith: Reflections of an Evolutionary Biologist Island Press (August 1, 2006) ISBN 1597260983
Francis Collins The Language of God Free Press (July 17, 2007) ISBN 1416542744

Anthologies

Foreword by Bill Nye the Science Guy
1. The Once and Future Intelligent Design, by Eugenie C. Scott
2. Analyzing "Critical Analysis", by Nicholas J. Matzke and Paul R. Gross
3. Theology, Religion, and Intelligent Design, by Martinez Hewlett and Ted Peters
4. From the Classroom to the Courtroom: Intelligent Design and the Constitution, by Jay D. Wexler
5 When the Classroom Door Closes, Who Teaches Evolution?, by Brian Alters
6 Defending the Teaching of Evolution, by Glenn Branch and the staff of the National Center for Science Education
Afterword by Rev. Barry W. Lynn

Papers, Articles

Attie, Alan D.; Elliot Sober, Ronald L. Numbers, Richard M. Amasino, Beth Cox, Terese Berceau, Thomas Powell, and Michael M. Cox (2006). "Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action". Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 (5): 1134–1138.
Bauer, D.R. (2006). "Resolving the controversy over "teaching the controversy": The constitutionality of teaching intelligent design in public schools". Fordham Law Review 75 (2): 1019–1063.
Beja, A. (2006). "The judge and "intelligent design" in the United States". Esprit (6): 181–184.
Bland, M. (2005). "Intelligent design: the response". Physics World 18 (12): 19.
Branch, Glenn (2007). "Understanding Creationism after Kitzmiller". BioScience 57 (3): 278–284. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
Frederick C. Crews. Saving Us from Darwin, The New York Review of Books, Vol 48, No 15 (4 October 2001).
Frederick C. Crews. Saving Us from Darwin, Part II, The New York Review of Books, Vol 48, No 16 (18 October 2001).
Fitelson, Branden; Elliott Sober (1998). "Plantinga’s Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 79 115–129. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
Fitelson, Branden; Christopher Stephens, Elliott Sober (1999). "How Not to Detect Design--- A Review of William Dembski's The Design Inference". Philosophy of Science 66 472–488. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
Forrest, Barbara (2004). "Darwinism, Design, and Public Education. John Angus Campbell and Stephen C. Meyer, eds.". Integrative and Comparative Biology 44 (6): 510–513.
Forrest, Barbara Understanding the intelligent design creationist movement: Its true nature and goals. Center for Inquiry, Washington DC. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-24..
Forrest, Barbara; Paul R. Gross (2007). "Biochemistry by design". Trends in Biochemical Science 32 (7): 322–331.
Hildebrand, David L. (2006). "Does every theory deserve a hearing? Evolution, intelligent design, and the limits of democratic inquiry". Southern Journal of Philosophy 44 (2): 217–236.
Neill, Ushma S.; Andrew R. Marks (2006). "Why we think it is important to discuss intelligent design". Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 (5): 1133. Retrieved on 2007-06-20.
Nurse, Paul (2006). "US Biomedical Research under Siege". Cell 124 (1): 9–12.
Morowitz, Harold; Robert Hazen, James Trefil "Intelligent Design Has No Place in the Science Curriculum". Chronicle of Higher Education
Robert Pennock. DNA by Design?: Stephen Meyer and the Return of the God Hypothesis In Ruse, Michael and William Dembski (eds) Debating Design. New York: Cambridge University Press, (pp. 130 - 148, 2004)
Robert Pennock. Critique of Philip Johnson. In Parsons, Keith (ed.) The Science Wars: Debating Scientific Knowledge and Technology. Prometheus Press. (pp. 277-306, 2003)
Robert Pennock. Creationism and Intelligent Design Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. (Vol. 4: 143-163, Sept. 2003)
Robert Pennock. Should Creationism be Taught in the Public Schools? Science & Education (Vol.11 no.2, March 2002, pp. 111-133)
Robert Pennock. Whose God? What Science? Reply to Michael Behe In Reports of the National Center for Science Education. (Vol. 21 No. 3-4 pp. 16-19, May-Aug. 2001)
Robert Pennock. Lions and Tigers and APES, Oh My!: Creationism vs. Evolution in Kansas. Science Teaching & The Search for Origin: Kansas Teach-In. AAAS Dialogue on Science and Religion. (2000)
Robert Pennock. The Wizards of ID: Reply to Dembski Metanexus (No. 089, Oct. 11, 2000)
Robert Pennock. Of Design and Deception: Kansas, Conflict & Creationism Science & Spirit (Nov./Dec. 1999)
Robert Pennock. Untitled—Reply to Phillip Johnson re: Tower of Babel Books and Culture (Sept./Oct. 1999)
Robert Pennock. The Prospects for a Theistic Science. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 205-209, Sept. 1998)
Robert Pennock. Creationism's War on Science. Environmental Review (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 7 - 16, February 1998)
Robert Pennock. Naturalism, Creationism and the Meaning of Life: The Case of Phillip Johnson Revisited. Creation/Evolution (Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 10-30, Winter 1996)
Robert Pennock. Reply to Johnson - Johnson's Reason in the Balance. Biology & Philosophy (Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 565-568, 1996)
Robert Pennock. Naturalism, Evidence and Creationism: The Case of Phillip Johnson. Biology and Philosophy (Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 543-559, 1996)
Pigliucci, Massimo (2005). "More than you ever wanted to know about intelligent design". Evolution 59 (12): 2717–2720.
Rosenhouse, Jason; Glenn Branch (2006). "Media coverage of "intelligent design"". BioScience 56 (3): 247–252.
Scott, Eugenie C. (1996). "Creationism, Ideology and Science". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 775 (1): 505–522.
Scott, Eugenie C (1997). "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States". Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (26): 263–289.
Scott, Eugenie C. (2006). "Creationism and evolution: It's the American way". Cell 124 (3): 449–451.
Scott, Eugenie C.; Glenn Branch (2003). "Evolution: what's wrong with 'teaching the controversy'". Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18 (10): 499–502. Retrieved on 2007-09-07.
Scott, Eugenie C.; Glenn Branch (2004). "Teaching the controversy: Response to Langen and to Meyer". Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19 (3): 116–117. Retrieved on 2007-09-07.
Sober, Elliott (2002). "Intelligent Design and Probability Reasoning". International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion 52 65–80. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
Sober, Elliott (2007). "What Is Wrong with Intelligent Design?". Quarterly Review of Biology 82 (1): 3–8. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
Wilkins, Adam S. (2006). ""Intelligent design" as both problem and symptom". BioEssays 28 (4): 327–329.

Film

Flock of Dodos A biting, tongue-in-cheek documentary that pans both sides of the debate.
Judgement Day: Intelligent Design on Trial, a Public Broadcasting System NOVA television documentary about the Kitzmiller v. Dover federal trial
A War on Science is a 49 minute BBC Horizon television documentary about intelligent design, including the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover court battle. It prominently features Oxford University professor, biologist Richard Dawkins. It was first broadcast on 26 January 2006. Intelligent design supporters and promoters Phillip Johnson, Michael Behe, Stephen C. Meyer and William A. Dembski also appear in the documentary.

Neutral

Books

Numbers, Ronald L. (2006). The Creationists: from scientific creationism to intelligent design. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Anthologies

Robert Pennock ed. Intelligent Design Creationism and its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives, MIT Press (2002). ISBN 0-262-66124-1

Intelligent Design Creationism's "Wedge Strategy"

The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream, by Barbara Forrest

Johnson's Critique of Evolutionary Naturalism

A Theological Conflict?: Evolution vs. the Bible

Intelligent Design's Scientific Claims

Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference, by Michael J. Behe
Born Again Creationism, by Philip Kitcher
Biology Remystified: The Scientific Claims of the New Creationists, by Matthew J. Brauer & Daniel R. Brumbaugh

Plantinga's Critique of Naturalism & Evolution

Methodological Naturalism?, by Alvin Plantinga
Methodological Naturalism Under Attack, by Michael Ruse
Plantinga's Case Against Naturalistic Epistemology, by Evan Fales
Plantinga's Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism, by Branden Fitelson & Elliott Sober

Intelligent Design Creationism vs. Theistic Evolutionism

Creator or "Blind Watchmaker?", by Phillip E. Johnson
Phillip Johnson on Trial: A Critique of His Critique of Darwin, by Nancey Murphy
Welcoming the 'Disguised Friend' – Darwinism and Divinity, by Arthur Peacocke
The Creation: Intelligently Designed or Optimally Equipped?, by Howard J. Van Till
Is Theism Compatible with Evolution?, by Roy Clouser

Intelligent Design and Information

Intelligent Design Theorists Turn the Tables

Who's Got the Magic?, by William A. Dembski
The Wizards of ID: Reply to Dembski, by Robert T. Pennock
The Panda's Peculiar Thumb, by Stephen Jay Gould
The Role of Theology in Current Evolutionary Reasoning, by Paul A. Nelson
Appealing to Ignorance Behind the Cloak of Ambiguity, by Kelly C. Smith
Nonoverlapping Magisteria, by Stephen Jay Gould

Creationism and Education

Why Creationism Should Not Be Taught in the Public Schools, by Robert T. Pennock
Creation and Evolution: A Modest Proposal, by Alvin Plantinga
Reply to Plantinga's 'Modest Proposal', by Robert T. Pennock

Michael Ruse and William Dembski (eds) Debating Design. New York: Cambridge University Press, (pp. 130 - 148, 2004)

Introduction: general introduction, by William Dembski and Michael Ruse

:The argument from design: a brief history Michael Ruse
: Who's afraid of ID?: a survey of the intelligent design movement Angus Menuge

Part I. Darwinism:

:1 Design without a designer: Darwin's greatest discovery Francisco J. Ayala
:2 The flagellum unspun: the collapse of 'irreducible complexity' Kenneth Miller
:3 The design argument Elliott Sober
:4 DNA by design? Stephen Meyer and the return of the god hypothesis Robert T. Pennock

Part II. Complex Self-Organization:

:5. Prolegomenon to a general biology Stuart Kauffman
: 6. Darwinism, design and complex systems dynamics David Depew and Bruce Weber
: 7. Emergent complexity, teleology, and the arrow of time Paul Davies
: 8. The emergence of biological value James Barham

Part III. Theistic Evolution:

:9. Darwin, design and divine providence John Haught
: 10. The inbuilt potentiality of creation John Polkinghorne
: 11. Theistic evolution Keith Ward
: 12. Intelligent design: some geological, historical and theological questions Michael Roberts;
: 13. The argument from laws of nature reassessed Richard Swinburne

Part IV. Intelligent Design:

:14. The logical underpinnings of intelligent design William Dembski
: 15. Information, entropy and the origin of life Walter Bradley
: 16. Irreducible complexity: obstacle to darwinian evolution Michael Behe
: 17. The cambrian information explosion: evidence for intelligent design, Stephen Meyer.

Papers, Articles

Bhattarcharjee, Y. (2006). "Science education - Evolution trumps intelligent design in Kansas vote". Science 313 (5788): 743.
Bleckman, Charles A. (2006). "Evolution and creationism in Science: 1880-2000". BioScience 56 (2): 151–158.
Marris, Emma (2006). "Intelligent design verdict set to sway other cases". Nature 439 6–7.
Mervis, Jeffrey (2005). "Dover Teachers Want No Part of Intelligent-Design Statement". Science 307 (5709): 505.

Fiction

The concept of life having been designed or manipulated is a staple of science fiction. Aspects of Intelligent Design are explored in:

Calculating God by Robert J. Sawyer. 2000. ISBN 0-312-86713-1 A science fiction novel in which an intelligent designer is manipulating reality solely for the benefit of human-kind and three other sentient species residing in our galaxy.
2001: A Space Odyssey; in the movie, human evolution is accelerated and guided by an unspecified force, assumed by many to be aliens. In the novel based on the film, human evolution is accelerated and guided by aliens.
In the Doctor Who episode Image of the Fendahl, evolution on Earth was guided by an alien, to allow it to feed on humans.
The novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus prominently features an intelligently (but imperfectly) designed creature, whose faults stem from the inherent flaws of its creator, Victor Frankenstein.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy reveals that the Earth was built by the Magratheans who were commissioned by mice and designed by the computer Deep Thought to find the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything.
In the movie Mission to Mars, highly evolved aliens accelerated and guided human evolution.
Rama Revealed by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee; in this final novel of a series, it is revealed that the (mostly offstage) Ramans create universes and test their inhabitants in an attempt to maximise the quantity of consciousness within them.
According to the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode The Chase, Star Trek aliens all look similar because life was seeded on different planets by highly evolved aliens.
In the Well World series, by Jack L. Chalker, aliens known as Markovians created the universe and all of the races in it.
Roddy M. Bullock (2006). The Cave Painting: A Parable of Science. Access Research Network. ISBN 1-931796-27-0.