Williams, William Carlos, 1883-1963, American poet and physician, b. Rutherford, N.J., educated in Geneva, Switzerland, Univ. of Pennsylvania (M.D., 1906), and Univ. of Leipzig, where he studied pediatrics. He is regarded as one of the most important and original American poets of the 20th cent. Williams began his medical practice in 1910 in Rutherford and was a physician for more than 40 years. His early poetry shows the influences of the various poetic trends of the time—from metaphorical imagism in Poems (1909) and The Tempers (1913) to free-verse expressionism in Al Que Quiere! (1917), Kora in Hell (1920), and Sour Grapes (1921). Williams observed American life closely, expressed anger at injustice, and recorded his impressions in a lucid, vital style. He developed a verse that is close to the idiom of speech, revealing a fidelity to ordinary things seen and heard. Later volumes of his poetry include Collected Poems (1934), Collected Later Poems (1950), Collected Earlier Poems (1951), Journey to Love (1955), Pictures from Brueghel, and Other Poems (1963; Pulitzer Prize), and a five-volume, impressionistic, philosophical poem, Paterson (1946-58), in which he uses the experience of life in an American city to voice his feelings on the duty of the poet. His essays include those in In the American Grain (1925), Selected Essays (1954), and Embodiment of Knowledge (1974). Among his other works are a collection of short stories, Make Light of It (1950); plays, including A Dream of Love (1948) and Many Loves (1950); and the novels A Voyage to Pagany (1928), a three-volume chronicle of an immigrant family in America, White Mule (1937), In the Money (1940), and The Build-Up (1952). His autobiography appeared in 1951 and his Selected Letters was published in 1957.

Slim Helú, Carlos, 1940-, Mexican business executive. The son of a Lebanese Maronite immigrant who became a successful merchant and real-estate investor, Slim was trained as a civil engineer (grad. 1960). In the 1960s he began acquiring struggling Mexican companies and transforming them into lean, modernized, and profitable businesses, winning a reputation as a shrewd investor. In 1990 the well-connected Slim acquired Telmex, the government telephone company, and was then awarded the sole national cellular telephone license, which was used to establish América Móvil. He has since also become notorious for anticompetitive maneuvers to preserve his lucrative dominance of Mexico's telecommunications industry.

Slim's other holdings include Internet-related businesses and banks; energy, construction, and mining companies; insurance and real estate firms; retail chain stores; restaurants; and plants making cigarettes, auto parts, and many other products. Since 2000 an increasing number of his investments have in other Latin American countries and the United States. Slim, whose fortune was estimated in 2007 at $59 billion (equivalent to almost 7% of Mexico's annual economic output), is one of the wealthiest individuals in the world. His financial success has made him the most visible example of the concentration of Mexico's economic wealth in the hands of a relative few.

Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de, 1645-1700, Mexican writer and humanist. The foremost intellectual figure of colonial Mexico, he wrote on mathematics, astronomy, history, geography, and other fields. His works include Manifiesto filosófico contra los cometas [philosophical treatise against comets] (1680) and Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez (1690; tr. The Misadventures of Alonso Ramírez, 1962), a forerunner of the novel in Latin America.

San Carlos, residential city (1990 pop. 26,167), San Mateo co., W Calif.; inc. 1925. The chief manufactures are plastic products, hardware, and machine parts.

Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 1948-, president of Mexico (1988-94). A Harvard-educated political economist, he became minister of planning and the budget (1982-87) and succeeded Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado as president in 1988. A member of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI) from his student days, he became the first PRI presidential candidate to face competitive elections. Salinas won with 50.4% of the vote, but his victory was the result of PRI fraud. As president, he worked to revive Mexico's economy by curbing inflation and reducing government regulations. He became the major promoter of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and in signing the accord (1992) reversed Mexico's historical resistance to foreign investment and to U.S. involvement in its affairs.

Although Salinas's administration was praised for its economic reforms, it lost some of its luster when his brother Raúl was arrested and convicted in 1995 for the 1994 murder of a PRI official and was later (1996) accused of massive financial misappropriations. After Carlos Salinas responded by criticizing the Mexican government, he was pressured into de facto exile, only returning to Mexico in 2000. Raül's 1995 conviction was overturned in 2005, and in 2006 he was acquitted (in Switzerland) of money-laundering charges.

Saavedra Lamas, Carlos, 1880-1959, Argentine statesman, foreign minister (1932-38). An advocate of Pan-Americanism and of the League of Nations (he was president of the Assembly in 1936), he presided over several international conferences. He drafted (1932) an antiwar pact adopted (1933-34) by many American republics, and together with Argentine president Agustín Pedro Justo he was instrumental in bringing an end to the war over the Chaco (see Gran chaco). Saavedra Lamas received the 1936 Nobel Peace Prize.

Romulo, Carlos Peña, 1899-1986, Philippine statesman and writer. With war between the United States and Japan approaching, Romulo toured (1941) East Asia and wrote a series of articles on the military-political situation, for which he won a Pulitzer Prize. When the Japanese invaded the Philippines, Romulo became (1941) a press aide to Gen. Douglas MacArthur. After the Philippines fell (1942) to the Japanese, he became a member of Manuel Quezon's government-in-exile, and later served (1944-46) as resident commissioner to the United States. He was a delegate to the United Nations from its inception, and was elected (1949) president of the UN General Assembly. Cofounder of the Nationalist party, he withdrew from his presidential candidacy in favor of Magsaysay. He also served intermittently as Philippine ambassador to the United States. President of the Univ. of the Philippines (1962-68), he served under President Marcos as secretary of education, and was later appointed (1968) foreign secretary. Despite the liberal politics of his early career, he supported Marcos's imposition of martial law, and came to advocate censorship. A prolific writer, his works include I Saw the Fall of the Philippines (1942), I See the Philippines Rise (1946), Crusade in Asia (1955), The Meaning of Bandung (1956), and his autobiography, I Walked with Heroes (1961).

Reyles, Carlos, 1868-1938, Uruguayan novelist. A wealthy breeder of horses, Reyles traveled extensively and devoted himself to writing. His impassioned, naturalistic novels include La raza de Caín [Cain's race] (1900), showing the influence of Zola. Beba (1894) and El terruño [the plot of earth] (1916) depict Uruguayan ranch life; El embrujo de Sevilla (1922, tr. Castanets, 1929) is a prose poem about the Andalusian city. Reyles lost his fortune by 1929. His masterwork, El Gaucho Florida (1932), deals with the social upheaval of ranch and gaucho life.

Pérez Rodríguez, Carlos Andrés, 1922-, president of Venezuela (1974-78, 1989-93). An aide to President Rómulo Betancourt, he was secretary of the interior in Betancourt's second administration (1959-64). He became secretary of the Democratic Action party in 1967. Elected president in Dec., 1973, he instituted a sweeping economic policy, aimed at the nationalization of the oil and the iron and steel industries and eventual Venezuelan control of other foreign enterprises. His second term in office was marked by two coup attempts in 1992 and his suspension from office in Dec., 1993, following charges of misappropriating government funds. Pérez was placed under house arrest the following year and was convicted in May, 1996.

Onganía, Juan Carlos, 1914-95, president of Argentina (1966-70). He served (1963-65) as commander in chief of the army and in 1962 led a revolt within the army that purged the extreme right-wing faction. He was established in the presidency by the military junta that deposed President Illia. Operating under a new charter that abolished political parties, dissolved congress, and gave the president both executive and legislative powers, he integrated the armed forces and the government and attempted to force moral and educational reform. His authoritarian measures aroused opposition, and his position was further eroded by soaring inflation and widespread labor and student unrest. In June, 1970, Onganía was deposed by the military junta, which installed Gen. Roberto Levingston in his place.

Menem, Carlos Saúl, 1930-, president of Argentina (1989-99). A Peronist (see Juan Domingo Perón), he served as governor of La Rioja (1973-76, 1983-89). Imprisoned during the 1976 coup, he was released in 1981. He won the 1989 presidential elections by appealing to the deep-rooted sentiment for Perón among the poor and the working class. In office, however, he addressed Argentina's economic crisis by reducing subsidies for the poor, controlling hyperinflation, privatizing state-owned companies, and reducing government regulation of businesses. He also reversed the policies of his predecessor, Raúl Alfonsín, pardoning military officers convicted of human-rights violations, and improved relations with Great Britain and the United States. Menem was reelected in 1995. By the end of his last term he was increasingly perceived as too flamboyant and tolerant of official corruption. In 2001, Menem was indicted on charges that he led a conspiracy to smuggle arms to Croatia and Ecuador during his presidency, but the supreme court ruled that there was a lack of evidence for the charges. Menem ran for a third term in 2003, but after winning the first round with 24% of the vote, he withdrew from the runoff when he appeared likely to lose by a landslide. He spent most of 2004 in Chile to avoid an Argentine government corruption investigation into his presidency.

Mendieta y Montefur, Carlos, 1873-1960, Cuban political leader. He was one of the chief opponents of Gerardo Machado. Mendieta, installed as provisional president (1934) by a coup led by Fulgencio Batista, was unable to establish political stability and therefore resigned (1935).

Mariátegui, José Carlos, 1895-1930, Peruvian writer and political leader. Of a poor family, he was a tubercular from childhood but rose to prominence as a self-taught journalist. He studied in Europe and became a confirmed Marxist. Returning to Peru he joined other radicals, such as Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, in political agitation during the 1920s, and when Haya de la Torre founded the APRA party (see APRA) in exile, Mariátegui became its leading spokesman in Peru. He broke with the Apristas, as the members of the APRA party were known, in 1928. His Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality (1928, tr. 1988), is a masterpiece of social analysis.

López, Carlos Antonio, 1790?-1862, president of Paraguay (1844-62). He rose to power shortly after the death of J. G. Rodríguez Francia and soon became president. An arbitrary but enlightened ruler, he improved the armed forces, encouraged education, and attempted to strengthen the economy by creating government monopolies. He made vigorous attempts to end the isolationism that Francia had imposed on Paraguay, but his foreign policy caused friction with neighboring nations. Many of his reforms came to a halt during the regime of his successor, Francisco Solano López.

Lleras Restrepo, Carlos, 1908-94, president of Colombia (1966-70). The son of a well-known bacteriologist, he was a lawyer and economist who served in a number of government posts in the 1930s and 1940s. He served as leader of the Liberal party during the bloody civil war touched off by the assassination (1948) of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. He became party leader again in 1961. As president, Lleras Restrepo won acclaim by sharply reducing the rate of inflation, diversifying the country's ailing one-crop (coffee) economy, restoring the balance of payments, and instituting a land reform program. After completing his term of office he remained politically active as head of the Liberal party. He wrote numerous books on social and economic problems.

Kirchner, Néstor Carlos, 1950-, Argentinean politician. A native of Patagonia, he is a lawyer and left-wing Peronist and, after two brief imprisonments, was in private practice during the 1976-83 military dictatorship. Elected mayor of his native Río Gallegos in 1987, he ran for the governorship of Santa Cruz prov. in 1991 and won. He was reelected in 1995 and 1999. In 2003 he mounted a campaign for the Argentinean presidency, securing the office after he narrowly lost the first round and the unpopular former president Carlos Menem withdrew from the runoff. Kirchner became the first native of Patagonia to be elected Argentina's president. In office Kirchner negotiated improved terms for Argentina's burdensome debt and benefited from an improving economy. He also ended the amnesty that had protected members of the military accused of human-rights abuses during the dictatorship. In 2007 he declined to run for another term and declared his support for the presidential candidacy of his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who won the subsequent election.

Juan Carlos I, 1938-, king of Spain (1975-), b. Rome. The grandson of Alfonso XIII, he was educated in Switzerland and in Spain. Placed by his father, Don Juan de Borbón, under the care of Francisco Franco as a possible successor, he graduated from Spain's three military academies and received commissions in the army, navy, and air force; he also did graduate work at the Univ. of Madrid and served apprenticeships in many government departments. He married Princess Sophia of Greece in 1962; they have three children. In 1969 he was designated heir to the throne and Franco's successor. After Franco's death in 1975, he became the first Spanish king since his grandfather was deposed in 1931. A popular monarch, he presided over Spain's transition to democracy with intelligence and sensitivity. He has acted decisively to maintain political stability in Spain, as in choosing Adolfo Suárez as premier in 1976, foiling a right-wing military coup in 1981, and handling a scandal involving anti-Basque death squads in the mid-1990s.

Ibáñez del Campo, Carlos, 1877-1960, president of Chile (1927-31, 1952-58). An army general who served as minister of war (1925-27) and vice president (1927), he became president upon the forced resignation of President Emiliano Figueroa. He ruled dictatorially, suppressing all opposition. He launched many public works projects and instituted educational and labor reform, remaining popular until the worldwide depression hit Chile. Widespread demonstrations in 1931 forced him into exile in Argentina. After several attempts to regain power, he was elected (1949) to the senate. He won the presidency (1952) by a plurality after promising to curb inflation and to reform the bureaucracy. His administration was hampered, however, by opposition in congress and by his own old age.

Fuentes, Carlos, 1928-, Mexican writer, editor, and diplomat. He was head of the department of cultural relations in Mexico's ministry of foreign affairs (1956-59) and Mexican ambassador to France (1975-77). Much of his fiction, which generally deals with themes of Mexican identity and history and often focuses on politics and sex, is a synthesis of reality and fantasy, transcending the limits of time and space (see magic realism). His works include La región más transparente (1958; tr. Where the Air Is Clear, 1960), Las buenas conciencias (1959; tr. Good Conscience, 1968), Cambio de piel (1967; tr. A Change of Skin, 1968), Terra Nostra (1975, tr. 1976), Una familia lejana (1980; tr. Distant Relations, 1982), La Campaña (1990, tr. The Campaign, 1991), Años con Laura Díaz (1999; tr. The Years with Laura Díaz, 2000), Instinto de Inez (2001, tr. Inez, 2002), and Silla del Águila (2003, tr. The Eagle's Throne, 2006). His nonfiction books include The Buried Mirror (1992), a study of Spanish and Latin American cultural history, and This I Believe (2005), an alphabetically arranged combination memoir, manifesto, and literary essay. Fuentes has also written numerous essays and short stories.

Finlay, Carlos Juan, or Charles John Finlay, 1833-1915, Cuban physician of Scottish and French descent; studied in France; M.D. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1855. Settling in Havana, he began his life work on yellow fever, suggesting in 1881 the mosquito as carrier and in 1882 specifying the genus Stegomyia. The Reed Commission of 1900 inaugurated experiments that conclusively proved his theories. Finlay served as chief health officer of Cuba from 1902 to 1909.

Drummond de Andrade, Carlos: see Andrade, Carlos Drummond de.

Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 1819-74, Cuban revolutionist. He completed his education in Spain and there took part (1843) in a revolution led by Juan Prim. On returning (1868) to Cuba he began the revolt by proclaiming the demands of Cuban liberals. The Ten Years War followed. He was elected president by the revolutionists (1869), but other leaders, notably Ignacio Agramonte, disagreed with him; discontent increased, and he was deposed (1873). He was killed in 1874, probably by Spanish soldiers.

Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 1871-1939, president of Cuba (1933), b. New York City; son of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819-74). He actively participated in the Revolution of 1895 and the Spanish-American War. When Gerardo Machado was overthrown in Aug., 1933, Céspedes became provisional president, but was forced to resign after a coup (Sept. 5) by a student junta supporting Ramón Grau San Martín.

Croix, Carlos Francisco de Croix, marqués de, 1699-1786, Spanish colonial administrator, b. Lille, France. As viceroy of New Spain (1766-71), he was a genial, honest, and industrious official, but the real ruler was José de Gálvez, the Visitor-General. Many reforms were instituted; the Jesuits were expelled (1767); and the natives of NW Mexico were subdued in order to open the California frontier. His nephew, Teodoro de Croix, 1730-91, was military commander and provincial governor in Mexico before becoming viceroy of Peru (1784-90). He put into operation reforms in the administration of indigenous peoples that resulted indirectly from the revolt of Tupac Amaru.

Chávez, Carlos, 1899-1975, Mexican composer and conductor. In 1928, Chávez established the Symphony Orchestra of Mexico, which he conducted until 1949. He was also director (1928-34) of the National Conservatory of Music, where he radically reformed the curriculum. He used elements of indigenous Mexican music and instruments in his Xochipilli Macuilxochitl (1940). The influence of Stravinsky is evident in several of his works. His most important compositions include the ballet El fuego nuevo (1921); the ballet-symphony H.P. [horsepower] (1926-27); Sinfonía Antigona (1933); a piano concerto (1938-40); a violin concerto (1948-50); the Fourth and Fifth symphonies (1953, 1954); and Invention, for string trio (premiere, 1965). Chávez is the author of Toward a New Music (1937) and Musical Thought (1961).

Carlos. For Spanish and Portuguese kings thus named, use Charles.

Carlos, 1545-68, prince of the Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain and Maria of Portugal. Don Carlos, who seems to have been mentally unbalanced and subject to fits of homicidal mania, was imprisoned by his father in 1568. When he died shortly afterward, it was rumored (falsely) that Philip had poisoned him. Friedrich von Schiller deliberately idealized his character in his tragedy Don Carlos, portraying him as a champion of liberalism, unhappily in love with his stepmother, Elizabeth of Valois.

Carlos (Carlos María Isidro de Borbón), 1788-1855, second son of Charles IV of Spain. He was the first Carlist pretender. After his father's abdication (1808) he was, with the rest of his family, held a prisoner in France until 1814. A conservative and a devout Catholic, he was supported by the clerical party when he refused to recognize Isabella, daughter of his brother, Ferdinand VII, as successor to the Spanish throne. When his niece became queen (1833) as Isabella II, Don Carlos took up arms. Defeated in 1839, he escaped to France and renounced his claim in favor of his son, Don Carlos, conde de Montemolín. See Carlists.

Calvo, Carlos, 1824-1906, Argentine diplomat and historian. He spent much of his life in diplomatic service abroad. He edited a collection of Latin American treaties and did other historical work but was most important as a writer on international law. Although he was influenced by Henry Wheaton, his development of international doctrines broke new paths. His best-known work is Derecho internacional teórico y práctico de Europa y América (Paris, 1868; greatly expanded in subsequent editions, which were published in French). In this book he expressed the principle known as the Calvo Doctrine, which would prohibit the use of diplomatic intervention as a method of enforcing private claims before local remedies have been exhausted. It is wider in scope than the Drago Doctrine (see under Drago, Luis María), which grew out of it. The Calvo Clause, found in constitutions, treaties, statutes, and contracts, is the concrete application of the doctrine. Used chiefly in concession contracts, the clause attempts to give local courts final jurisdiction and to obviate any appeal to diplomatic intervention.

Buell, Don Carlos, 1818-98, Union general in the Civil War, b. near Marietta, Ohio, grad. West Point, 1841. Buell was appointed brigadier general of volunteers in the Civil War (May, 1861), helped organize the Army of the Potomac, and took command of the Dept. of Ohio (Nov., 1861). He supported Grant's move up the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers by marching on Bowling Green, and after the fall of Fort Donelson he pursued the retreating Confederates to Nashville. In Mar., 1862, he was placed under Gen. H. W. Halleck and made major general of the Army of the Ohio, in which service he played a decisive role at Shiloh (see Shiloh, battle of). He forced the Confederates to retreat from Kentucky at Perryville (Oct. 8, 1962) but was dilatory in his pursuit. He was replaced by Gen. W. S. Rosecrans; subsequently he was investigated by the military and discharged.

Arosemena Monroy, Carlos Julio, 1919-2004, president of Ecuador (1961-63). A lawyer and diplomat and the son and grandson of former presidents, he became vice president in 1960 and acceded to the presidency upon the ouster of President Velasco Ibarra. He continued the austerity program begun under his predecessor and restored a favorable trade balance. Although he was criticized for his leftist leanings, real opposition to him arose from his immoderate drinking. After two unsuccessful attempts to impeach him, he was overthrown by a military junta.

Arana Osorio, Carlos, 1918-2003, president of Guatemala (1970-74). A conservative army colonel noted for his successes during an antiguerrilla campaign (1966-68), he was elected president on a law-and-order platform. He declared (Nov., 1970) a state of siege, which resulted in the suspension of civil liberties, and directed a vigorous campaign that brought a decline in guerrilla-terrorist activities. Political opponents, student radicals, and labor groups also were harassed and persecuted. He instituted a five-year development plan (1971-75) that had little effect on the country, and later served as ambassador to Nicaragua.

Andrade, Carlos Drummond de, 1902-87, Brazilian poet. The son of landowners, he worked as a journalist before earning (1925) a degree in pharmacology. In 1928 Andrade became a civil servant while working as a newspaper editor. His first volume of poems, Alguma poesia [some poetry] (1930), exhibited many characteristics of Brazilian modernism. Andrade is considered the major Brazilian poet of his time; his works include Poesias [poems] (1942), A rosa do povo [the people's rose] (1945), Claro enigma [clear enigma] (1951), A vida passada a limpo [life in a new copy] (1959), and As impurezas do branco [the impurities of white] (1973). He also wrote essays and award-winning translations of European writers.

Alvear, Carlos María de, 1789-1852, Argentine general and statesman. After distinguished service with the Spanish army in Europe, he returned to Argentina with his friend San Martín and became a leader in the domestic revolution of 1812 and a member of the constituent assembly of 1813. He was in command of the patriot army when the Spanish royalists at Montevideo capitulated (1814). In 1815 Alvear was named supreme director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, but was deposed when he attempted to become a dictator. In the war with Brazil he won the decisive battle of Ituazingó (Feb. 20, 1827). From 1838 until his death he was minister to the United States.

(born Sept. 17, 1883, Rutherford, N.J., U.S.—died March 4, 1963, Rutherford) U.S. poet. Trained as a pediatrician, Williams wrote poetry and practiced medicine in his hometown. He is noted for making the ordinary appear extraordinary through clear and discrete imagery, as in the fresh and direct impressions of the sensuous world expressed in “The Red Wheelbarrow,” from Spring and All (1923). Paterson (1946–58), a five-part long poem, evokes a complex vision of modern American life. In 1963 he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in poetry for Pictures from Brueghel (1962). His numerous prose works include essays, a trilogy of novels, short stories, drama, and autobiography.

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(born Sept. 17, 1883, Rutherford, N.J., U.S.—died March 4, 1963, Rutherford) U.S. poet. Trained as a pediatrician, Williams wrote poetry and practiced medicine in his hometown. He is noted for making the ordinary appear extraordinary through clear and discrete imagery, as in the fresh and direct impressions of the sensuous world expressed in “The Red Wheelbarrow,” from Spring and All (1923). Paterson (1946–58), a five-part long poem, evokes a complex vision of modern American life. In 1963 he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in poetry for Pictures from Brueghel (1962). His numerous prose works include essays, a trilogy of novels, short stories, drama, and autobiography.

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(born April 3, 1948, Mexico City, Mex.) President of Mexico (1988–94). Son of a Mexican senator, Salinas earned a Ph.D. in economics at Harvard University and held various governmental posts until he was elected president in 1988 by a slim margin; vote fraud was widely charged. He pursued a program of economic retrenchment and privatization, selling off hundreds of inefficient state-owned corporations and spending part of the proceeds on infrastructure and social services. In 1991–92 his government co-negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement. The economic collapse immediately following his term made him the target of bitter criticism. The assassination of his party's nominee as his successor was linked to Salinas's associates, and Salinas fled to the U.S. and eventually Ireland. His brother Raúl, widely suspected of extensive corruption, was convicted in 1999 of complicity in another assassination.

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Japanese Koizumi Yakumo

(born June 27, 1850, Levkás, Ionian Islands, Greece—died Sept. 26, 1904, Omacrkubo, Japan) Irish-U.S.-Japanese writer, translator, and teacher. He immigrated to the U.S. at age 19 and worked as a reporter and translator, writing on a wide range of subjects. In 1890 he traveled as a magazine writer to Japan, where he soon became a teacher, took a Japanese wife and name, and became a Japanese subject. Articles and books about Japan's customs, religion, and literature followed, including Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (1894), Exotics and Retrospective (1898), In Ghostly Japan (1899), Shadowings (1900), and A Japanese Miscellany (1901); Kwaidan (1904) is a collection of supernatural stories and haiku translations. It was Hearn who, perhaps more than any other single person, introduced the broad culture of Japan to the West.

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(born Nov. 11, 1928, Panama City, Pan.) Mexican writer and diplomat. The son of a Mexican career diplomat, he traveled widely before studying law and entering the diplomatic service. He is best known for his experimental novels. His first, Where the Air Is Clear (1958), a bitter indictment of Mexican society, won him national prestige. The Death of Artemio Cruz (1962), about the final hours of an unscrupulous former revolutionary, made his international reputation. Among his later novels are Terra Nostra (1975), The Hydra Head (1978), The Old Gringo (1985), and The Years with Laura Díaz (1999). “The Buried Mirror” (1992) is a long essay on Hispanic cultures.

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(born Dec. 3, 1833, Puerto Príncipe, Cuba—died Aug. 20, 1915, Havana) Cuban epidemiologist. He is known for his discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito. Though he published experimental evidence in 1886, his ideas were ignored for nearly 20 years. He urged the study of means of transmission and stated that the carrier was the mosquito Culex fasciatus (now called Aedes aegypti). In 1900 Walter Reed confirmed Finlay's theory, leading to the eradication of yellow fever in Cuba and Panama by William Gorgas. After his death, the Cuban government created the Finlay Institute for Investigations in Tropical Medicine.

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(born March 23, 1818, near Marietta, Ohio, U.S.—died Nov. 19, 1898, Rockport, Ky.) U.S. general. A graduate of West Point, he was appointed general of volunteers at the start of the American Civil War, and he helped organize the Union's Army of the Potomac. He was sent to Kentucky to succeed William T. Sherman and to organize the Army of the Ohio. In 1862 he was Union commander in the Kentucky campaign against Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg. Following the Battle of Perryville, he was removed from his command for alleged tardiness in his pursuit of Confederate forces.

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(born Dec. 3, 1833, Puerto Príncipe, Cuba—died Aug. 20, 1915, Havana) Cuban epidemiologist. He is known for his discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by a mosquito. Though he published experimental evidence in 1886, his ideas were ignored for nearly 20 years. He urged the study of means of transmission and stated that the carrier was the mosquito Culex fasciatus (now called Aedes aegypti). In 1900 Walter Reed confirmed Finlay's theory, leading to the eradication of yellow fever in Cuba and Panama by William Gorgas. After his death, the Cuban government created the Finlay Institute for Investigations in Tropical Medicine.

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(born Nov. 11, 1928, Panama City, Pan.) Mexican writer and diplomat. The son of a Mexican career diplomat, he traveled widely before studying law and entering the diplomatic service. He is best known for his experimental novels. His first, Where the Air Is Clear (1958), a bitter indictment of Mexican society, won him national prestige. The Death of Artemio Cruz (1962), about the final hours of an unscrupulous former revolutionary, made his international reputation. Among his later novels are Terra Nostra (1975), The Hydra Head (1978), The Old Gringo (1985), and The Years with Laura Díaz (1999). “The Buried Mirror” (1992) is a long essay on Hispanic cultures.

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(born March 23, 1818, near Marietta, Ohio, U.S.—died Nov. 19, 1898, Rockport, Ky.) U.S. general. A graduate of West Point, he was appointed general of volunteers at the start of the American Civil War, and he helped organize the Union's Army of the Potomac. He was sent to Kentucky to succeed William T. Sherman and to organize the Army of the Ohio. In 1862 he was Union commander in the Kentucky campaign against Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg. Following the Battle of Perryville, he was removed from his command for alleged tardiness in his pursuit of Confederate forces.

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