Bosporus, University of the, at Istanbul, Turkey; opened 1863 as Robert College, with funds contributed by Christopher R. Robert and other Americans for the higher education of Turkish men. Its name was changed in 1971. It has faculties of engineering, arts and sciences, economics and administrative science, and education. There are affiliated institutes of biomedical engineering and earthquake research and a school of foreign languages. Instruction is in Turkish and English.

Bosporus [Gr.,=ox ford, in reference to the story of Io], Turk. Boğaziçi, strait, c.20 mi (30 km) long and c.2,100 ft (640 m) wide at its narrowest, separating European from Asian Turkey and joining the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Istanbul is on the Bosporus. At its narrowest point stand two famous castles: Anadolu Hisar (1390) on the Asian side and Rumeli Hisar (1452) on the European side. With the Dardanelles, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea with the Mediterranean; it is thought to have been a dry riverbed as recently as 7,600 years ago. The Bosporus Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges (3,524 ft/1,074 m long; opened 1973) spans the strait at Istanbul. A second bridge was completed in 1988.

Turkish Karadeniz Bogazi

Strait separating the European and Asian portions of Turkey. Connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Black Sea, it is 19 mi (31 km) long and 2.3 mi (3.7 km) at its widest. Bosporus literally means “ox ford”; it is traditionally connected with the legendary figure of Io, who in the form of a heifer crossed the Thracian Bosporus in her wanderings. Because of its strategic importance for the defense of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which straddled its southern end, the Byzantine emperors and later the Ottoman sultans constructed fortifications along its shores. With the growing influence of the European powers in the 19th century, rules were codified governing the transit of vessels through the strait. An international commission assumed control of it after World War I; Turkey resumed control in 1936. Two of the world's longest bridges, completed in 1973 and 1988, span the strait and link the two sections of Istanbul; in 2004 construction began on a rail tunnel beneath it.

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