Artzybasheff, Boris, 1899-1965, American draftsman, illustrator, writer, and cartoonist, b. Kharkiv, Russia (now in Ukraine); son of Mikhail Petrovich Artzybashev. In 1919 he went to New York City, where he worked in an engraving shop. Later he became noted for his brilliant and imaginative work as an advertising artist and illustrator of books and periodicals, including many covers for Time magazine. Grotesque and weirdly humorous drawings appear in his As I See (1955).

Spassky, Boris, 1937-, Soviet chess champion. A child prodigy, he became an international master at the age of 16 and in 1955, at age 18, he became an international grand master. Subsequently in international matches his success was somewhat erratic, and in late 1960 Soviet officials removed Spassky temporarily from the international team. He continued to play in USSR championships, however, and subsequently twice won the right to challenge world champion Tigran Petrosian for the international title, defeating him in 1969. In 1972 he lost the title to U.S. grand master Bobby Fischer.

Pilnyak, Boris, pseud. of Boris Andreyevich Vogau, 1894-1937?, Russian novelist and short-story writer. Pilnyak first attracted wide attention with his novel The Naked Year (1921, tr. 1928), a loosely constructed work concerning the social chaos following the Revolution of 1917. He accepted the revolution itself, but did not embrace orthodox Communism. His short novel Mahogany, denied publication in the USSR, was first published in Berlin in 1929. Later Pilnyak utilized some of its material in his novel about the Five-Year Plan, The Volga Falls to the Caspian Sea (1930, tr. 1931). Both were severely criticized by the Soviet regime as bourgeois. In 1931, Pilnyak visited the United States and attacked American industrialization in O'Kei (1932). Some of his short stories have been translated in Tales of the Wilderness (1925) and Mother Earth and Other Stories (1968). He disappeared in 1937, and is thought to have been arrested and executed.

Tadić, Boris, 1958-, Serbian political leader, president of Serbia (2004-), b. Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina). A student activist while attending Belgrade Univ., Tadić joined the Democratic party (DS) in 1990. A decade later, when the DS joined with other groups to form the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) and force President Slobodan Milošević from power. Tadić was elected to the National Assembly and became minister of telecommunications. He served as defense minister from 2003 to 2004, when he became DS party leader. Later that year, he was elected president of Serbia; he was reelected in 2008. A pro-Western reformer who favors Serbia's joining the European Union, Tadić opposed independence for Kosovo while rejecting Prime Minister Koštunica's hard-line approach with respect to those nations supporting Kosovo's independence.

Becker, Boris, 1967-, German tennis player, b. Leimen, West Germany (now Germany). Noted for his powerful, often acrobatic serve-and-volley game, he gained notice in 1985 when, at 17, he became the youngest man to win Wimbledon. He repeated there in 1986 and 1989 and led West Germany to Davis Cup victories in 1988 and 1989. Becker has also won the U.S. (1989) and Australian (1991, 1996) opens.

Vian, Boris, 1920-59, French novelist. He patterned his literary style on that of terse American crime fiction. His best-known work is J'irai cracher sur vos tombes [I will spit on your graves] (1946), a novel about a fugitive black man hunted by whites. Other novels include L'arrache-cɶur (1953; tr. Heartsnatcher, 1968) and Les bâtisseurs d'empire (1959; tr. The Empire Builders, 1967).

Blacher, Boris, 1903-75, Estonian-German composer, b. Yingkou, China. Blacher lived for six years in Siberia. He studied in Berlin and in 1953 became the director of the West Berlin Conservatory of Music. Blacher wrote concertos for various instruments, numerous operas, including 200,000 Taler (1969; after Sholem Aleichem), ballets, chamber music, and song cycles. He experimented with variable meters or rhythmic rows, as in Ornaments (1953) for orchestra, sometimes producing a jazzlike effect, and with abstract operas concerned with human situations but without plot.

Godunov, Boris, c.1551-1605, czar of Russia (1598-1605). A favorite of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), he helped organize Ivan's social and administrative system. After Ivan's death (1584), Boris became virtual ruler of Russia, ostensibly as regent for Ivan's young son Feodor I, who was married to Boris's sister. Boris was popularly believed to have ordered the murder (1591) of Feodor's younger brother and heir, Dmitri, in order to secure the succession for himself. Upon Feodor's death (1598), an assembly of the ruling class chose Boris as czar. Under his rule the Russian church was recognized (1589) as an independent patriarchate, equal to other Eastern churches; peace was obtained with Poland and Sweden, and colonization of the southern steppes and W Siberia was spurred. Most important, Boris continued Ivan's policy of strengthening the power of state officials and townspeople at the expense of the boyars. Yet famine (1602-4) and popular distrust undermined his support, and when a pretender to the throne appeared claiming to be Feodor's brother Dmitri, many rallied to his support and he easily invaded Russia in 1604. Boris died, and his son, Feodor II, was unable to defend the throne against the false Dmitri. Boris's life is the subject of a drama by Pushkin that was the basis for Moussorgsky's famous opera.

Karloff, Boris, 1887-1969, Anglo-American actor, b. Dulwich, England; his original name was William Henry Pratt. A distinguished character actor with a superb speaking voice, Karloff was famous for his monster roles in Hollywood horror films, notably Frankenstein (1931). His other movies include The Ghoul (1933), The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Isle of the Dead (1945), and Targets (1968).

(born Feb. 1, 1931, Sverdlovsk, Russia, U.S.S.R.—died April 23, 2007, Moscow, Russia) Russian politician and president of Russia (1990–99). After attending the Urals Polytechnic Institute, he worked at construction projects in western Russia (1955–68). He became Communist Party leader in Sverdlovsk in 1976, and he was an ally of Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev later charged Yeltsin with eliminating corruption in the Moscow party organization, and as first secretary (mayor) of Moscow (1985–87) he proved a determined reformer. His criticism of the slow pace of reform led to a break with Gorbachev, and Yeltsin lost his position. In 1989 he was elected to the new Soviet parliament by a landslide, then became president of the Russian Republic (1990) and resigned from the Communist Party. In 1991 he won the presidency again in the first popular election in Russian history. When communist hard-liners staged a coup against Gorbachev, Yeltsin successfully opposed it, facing down its leaders with a dramatic outdoor speech in Moscow. He led the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (1991) and began to transform Russia's economy into one based on free markets and private enterprise. Hard-liners staged an unsuccessful coup against Yeltsin in 1993. When Chechnya unilaterally declared independence, Yeltsin sent troops to fight the rebels (1994). The Chechnya situation and Russia's deepening economic distress lessened his popularity, but he won reelection over a Communist Party challenger in 1996. After suffering a heart attack, he spent several months recovering. Continuing poor health led to his resignation on Dec. 31, 1999. He was succeeded by Vladimir Putin.

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(born Feb. 10, 1890, Moscow, Russia—died May 30, 1960, Peredelkino, near Moscow) Russian poet and prose writer. He studied music and philosophy and after the Russian Revolution of 1917 worked in the library of the Soviet commissariat of education. His early poetry, though avant-garde, was successful, but in the 1930s a gap widened between his work and officially approved literary modes, and he supported himself by doing translations. The novel Doctor Zhivago (1957; film, 1965), an epic of wandering, spiritual isolation, and love amid the harshness of the revolution and its aftermath, was a best-seller in the West but until 1987 circulated only in secrecy in the Soviet Union. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, but he was forced to decline it because of Soviet opposition to his work.

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orig. William Henry Pratt

(born Nov. 23, 1887, London, Eng.—died Feb. 2, 1969, Midhurst, West Sussex) British-U.S. actor. He immigrated to Canada from England in 1909 and acted with touring companies before moving to Hollywood, where he played minor roles in films from 1919. His tender, sympathetic performance in Hollywood's first important monster film, James Whale's Frankenstein (1931), received so much critical praise that he became an overnight sensation. He acted in more than 100 films, specializing in horror pictures such as The Mummy (1932), The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), and Son of Frankenstein (1939), and his name became synonymous with the horror genre. He returned to the stage for highly acclaimed performances on Broadway in Arsenic and Old Lace (1941) and as Captain Hook in Peter Pan (1950). His most famous television performance was in the animated special How the Grinch Stole Christmas (1966), for which he provided the voices of both the Grinch and the narrator.

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(born circa 1551—died April 23, 1605, Moscow, Russia) Tsar of Russia (1598–1605). After serving in the court of Ivan IV, he was named guardian to Ivan's dim-witted son Fyodor I and became the virtual ruler of Russia as Fyodor's chief adviser from 1584. When Fyodor's little brother Dmitry died mysteriously in 1591, Godunov was suspected of having had him put to death. When Fyodor died without heirs in 1598, an assembly of clergy and gentry elected Godunov tsar. A capable ruler, he instituted many reforms, but continuing boyar opposition and a general famine (1601–03) eroded his popularity. The False Dmitry led an army into Russia, and on Boris's sudden death, resistance broke down, and the country lapsed into the Time of Troubles.

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(born Feb. 1, 1931, Sverdlovsk, Russia, U.S.S.R.—died April 23, 2007, Moscow, Russia) Russian politician and president of Russia (1990–99). After attending the Urals Polytechnic Institute, he worked at construction projects in western Russia (1955–68). He became Communist Party leader in Sverdlovsk in 1976, and he was an ally of Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev later charged Yeltsin with eliminating corruption in the Moscow party organization, and as first secretary (mayor) of Moscow (1985–87) he proved a determined reformer. His criticism of the slow pace of reform led to a break with Gorbachev, and Yeltsin lost his position. In 1989 he was elected to the new Soviet parliament by a landslide, then became president of the Russian Republic (1990) and resigned from the Communist Party. In 1991 he won the presidency again in the first popular election in Russian history. When communist hard-liners staged a coup against Gorbachev, Yeltsin successfully opposed it, facing down its leaders with a dramatic outdoor speech in Moscow. He led the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (1991) and began to transform Russia's economy into one based on free markets and private enterprise. Hard-liners staged an unsuccessful coup against Yeltsin in 1993. When Chechnya unilaterally declared independence, Yeltsin sent troops to fight the rebels (1994). The Chechnya situation and Russia's deepening economic distress lessened his popularity, but he won reelection over a Communist Party challenger in 1996. After suffering a heart attack, he spent several months recovering. Continuing poor health led to his resignation on Dec. 31, 1999. He was succeeded by Vladimir Putin.

Learn more about Yeltsin, Boris (Nikolayevich) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Feb. 10, 1890, Moscow, Russia—died May 30, 1960, Peredelkino, near Moscow) Russian poet and prose writer. He studied music and philosophy and after the Russian Revolution of 1917 worked in the library of the Soviet commissariat of education. His early poetry, though avant-garde, was successful, but in the 1930s a gap widened between his work and officially approved literary modes, and he supported himself by doing translations. The novel Doctor Zhivago (1957; film, 1965), an epic of wandering, spiritual isolation, and love amid the harshness of the revolution and its aftermath, was a best-seller in the West but until 1987 circulated only in secrecy in the Soviet Union. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958, but he was forced to decline it because of Soviet opposition to his work.

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orig. William Henry Pratt

(born Nov. 23, 1887, London, Eng.—died Feb. 2, 1969, Midhurst, West Sussex) British-U.S. actor. He immigrated to Canada from England in 1909 and acted with touring companies before moving to Hollywood, where he played minor roles in films from 1919. His tender, sympathetic performance in Hollywood's first important monster film, James Whale's Frankenstein (1931), received so much critical praise that he became an overnight sensation. He acted in more than 100 films, specializing in horror pictures such as The Mummy (1932), The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), and Son of Frankenstein (1939), and his name became synonymous with the horror genre. He returned to the stage for highly acclaimed performances on Broadway in Arsenic and Old Lace (1941) and as Captain Hook in Peter Pan (1950). His most famous television performance was in the animated special How the Grinch Stole Christmas (1966), for which he provided the voices of both the Grinch and the narrator.

Learn more about Karloff, Boris with a free trial on Britannica.com.

orig. Mikhail

(died May 2, 907, Preslave, Bulg.) Khan of Bulgaria (852–89). He resolved to use Christianity to unite his ethnically divided country, and an unsuccessful war with the Byzantines led to his baptism in the Orthodox faith (864). Boris's attempt to enforce mass baptism set off a pagan rebellion, which he quelled, and he helped establish the Bulgarian church. He sponsored missionaries to foster Slavic learning and the use of the Old Church Slavic language. He abdicated in 889 to become a monk but returned to drive his reactionary son Vladimir from the throne. After installing another son, Simeon I, as khan, Boris went back to his monastery. He was later made an Orthodox saint.

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(born circa 1551—died April 23, 1605, Moscow, Russia) Tsar of Russia (1598–1605). After serving in the court of Ivan IV, he was named guardian to Ivan's dim-witted son Fyodor I and became the virtual ruler of Russia as Fyodor's chief adviser from 1584. When Fyodor's little brother Dmitry died mysteriously in 1591, Godunov was suspected of having had him put to death. When Fyodor died without heirs in 1598, an assembly of clergy and gentry elected Godunov tsar. A capable ruler, he instituted many reforms, but continuing boyar opposition and a general famine (1601–03) eroded his popularity. The False Dmitry led an army into Russia, and on Boris's sudden death, resistance broke down, and the country lapsed into the Time of Troubles.

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(born Nov. 22, 1967, Leimen, W.Ger.) German tennis player. He left school in the 10th grade to concentrate on tennis. In 1985 he became the youngest winner (at 17) of the Wimbledon's men's singles h1 and the youngest ever to win a men's grand-slam tournament, as well as the only unseeded player and the first German ever to win the h1. He was victorious at Wimbledon again in 1986 and 1989 and also won singles h1s at the 1989 U.S. Open and the 1991 and 1996 Australian Open.

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(born Nov. 22, 1967, Leimen, W.Ger.) German tennis player. He left school in the 10th grade to concentrate on tennis. In 1985 he became the youngest winner (at 17) of the Wimbledon's men's singles h1 and the youngest ever to win a men's grand-slam tournament, as well as the only unseeded player and the first German ever to win the h1. He was victorious at Wimbledon again in 1986 and 1989 and also won singles h1s at the 1989 U.S. Open and the 1991 and 1996 Australian Open.

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Boris Petrović-Njegoš, Hereditary Prince of Montenegro, Grand Duke of Grahovo and Zeta, (Born 21 January 1980 in Les Lilas, France) is the only son and heir of Prince Nikola of Montenegro and his late wife Francine Navarro.

Education

Prince Boris graduated in June 2005 from the "École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratif" (Paris, France), one of the most famous French school in decorative arts. During his studies, he was particularly involved in the creation of computerised typography.

Marriage and family

On 12 May 2007, Boris married Véronique Haillot Canas da Silva (b. 27 July 1976 in São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, Portugal), daughter of António Manuel Martins Canas da Silva, engineer, and wife Anne-Françoise-Dominique Haillot. They have one child:

• Her Highness Princess Miléna Petrovic-Njegoš of Montenegro, born at Maternité des Lilas, Seine-Saint-Denis, France on 11 February 2008 at 4:00am.

HRH Princess Véronique of Montenegro, Grand Duchess of Grahavo and Zeta holds the Order of Petrovic Njegos, the Order of St. Peter and the Order of Prince Danilo I (Grand Cross).

Titles and honours

Titles

• HH Prince Boris Petrović-Njegoš (21 January 1980 - 23 March 1986)
• HRH Boris, Hereditary Prince of Montenegro (24 March 1986 - 20 January 2001)
• HRH Boris, Hereditary Prince of Montenegro, Grand Duke of Zeta and Grahovo (21 January 2001 -)

Honours

• Prince Boris is the hereditary deputy Grand master of the dynastic Orders.
• Order of Petrović Njegoš, Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I of Montenegro.

Foreign honours

• Grand Cross Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Royal House of Savoy.

External links

• The Order of Prince Danilo I Official website of the Royal House of Montenegro and dynastic Orders.
• Njegoskij|org :: The Royal House of Montenegro | News and media.

References