Bergman, Hjalmar, 1883-1931, Swedish novelist, dramatist, and short-story writer. A popular and prolific writer, Bergman wrote from the background of an unhappy childhood and chronic mental depression. His works are characterized by insight into the ambivalence of human emotions. Bergman's individual style combines a basically pessimistic view with ironic humor, as in the play Swedenhielms [the Swedenhielm family] (1925) and the novels God's Orchid (1919, tr. 1924) and The Head of the Firm (1924, tr. 1936).

Bergman, Ingmar (Ernst Ingmar Bergman), 1918-2007, Swedish film and stage writer, director, and producer. Acclaimed by many as the greatest director of the second half of the 20th cent., Bergman made about 60 films in all. He achieved an impressive degree of freedom early in his career and used it to create and develop a highly individual approach. Working with many of the same actors and technicians from film to film, his work, usually profoundly serious in theme and treatment, is filled with arresting images and displays an unusual degree of unity and continuity. Bergman made his first film in 1945 and reached his creative zenith as a director in the 1950s and 60s. His 50s films include Smiles of a Summer Night (1955), The Seventh Seal (1957), Wild Strawberries (1957), and The Magician (1958). In the 60s he made The Virgin Spring (1960, Academy Award) and two trilogies that charted his growing disillusion with humanity's search for God. The first trilogy consists of Through a Glass Darkly (1961, Academy Award), Winter Light (1962), and The Silence (1963); the second of Persona (1965), Hour of the Wolf (1968), and Shame (1968).

In the 1970s Bergman mainly focused his work on domestic issues, dramatized through traumatic, usually unworkable personal relationships, as in the harrowing Cries and Whispers (1972), the stormy Scenes from a Marriage (1974), and the psychological family drama Autumn Sonata (1978). Bergman briefly exiled himself from Sweden after a dispute (1976) with tax authorities, but returned to make his self-proclaimed final, and surprisingly optimistic, semiautobiographical film about family and childhood, Fanny and Alexander (1982, Academy Award).

Having successfully written and directed numerous works for the Swedish theater since the 1950s, he continued to work in theater, television, and opera late in his career. He also wrote autobiographical screenplays adapted from his earlier novels for the films The Best Intentions (1992), directed by Bille August; Sunday's Children (1993), directed by his son, Daniel Bergman; and Private Confessions (1998) directed by Liv Ullmann, who also directed Bergman's Faithless (2000). He also directed a number of classic plays for the Royal Dramatic Theater of Sweden, e.g., Strindberg's The Ghost Sonata (2001). His made-for-television drama Saraband (2003), a bleak epilogue to Scenes from a Marriage, was Bergman's final statement on film.

Bergman, Ingrid, 1915-82, Swedish actress, b. Stockholm. Specializing in portrayals of strong, dignified, and sophisticated women, Bergman was acclaimed for her performance in Joan of Lorraine (1946) both on stage and on screen (1949). Her most notable films include Intermezzo (1939), Casablanca (1942), Notorious (1946), Stromboli (1950) and, with director Ingmar Bergman, Autumn Sonata (1978). She won Academy Awards for Gaslight (1944), Anastasia (1956), and Murder on the Orient Express (1974). She also won an Emmy Award (1982) for her portrayal of Golda Meir in the made-for-television film Golda. Bergman was married to Roberto Rossellini.

Bergman, Torbern Olof, 1735-84, Swedish chemist, physicist, and mineralogist. A professor at the Univ. of Uppsala from 1758, he developed a theory of chemical affinity, made improvements in the methods of chemical analysis and in the classification of rocks, and did important research in crystallography. He wrote A Dissertation on Elective Attractions (1775, tr. 1785). His collected works, Essays, Physical and Chemical, appeared in six volumes (1779-81, tr. 1791).

(born Aug. 29, 1915, Stockholm, Swed.—died Aug. 29, 1982, London, Eng.) Swedish film and stage actress. After appearing in Intermezzo in Sweden, she went to the U.S. to act in the English-language version (1939). Her radiance and unaffected charm made her a star in films such as Casablanca (1942), Gaslight (1944, Academy Award), and Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946). The scandal caused by her love affair with Roberto Rossellini (1949) kept her off the U.S. screen for seven years, and she made films in Europe before being welcomed back to Hollywood in Anastasia (1956, Academy Award). Her later films include Indiscreet (1958) and Murder on the Orient Express (1974, Academy Award).

Learn more about Bergman, Ingrid with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born July 14, 1918, Uppsala, Swed.—died July 30, 2007, Fårö, Swed.) Swedish film writer-director. The rebellious son of a Lutheran pastor, he worked in the theatre before directing his first film, Crisis (1945). He won international acclaim for his films The Seventh Seal (1957) and Wild Strawberries (1957). He assembled a group of actors, including Max von Sydow and Liv Ullmann, and a cinematographer, Sven Nykvist, with whom he made powerful films often marked by bleak depictions of human loneliness, including Through a Glass Darkly (1961), Cries and Whispers (1972), Autumn Sonata (1978), and Fanny and Alexander (1982). Bergman later wrote screenplays for The Best Intentions (1992) and Private Confessions (1996). He directed a number of television movies, most notably Saraband (2003), which received a theatrical release. Throughout his career Bergman continued to direct stage productions, usually at Stockholm's Royal Dramatic Theatre.

Learn more about Bergman, (Ernst) Ingmar with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Aug. 29, 1915, Stockholm, Swed.—died Aug. 29, 1982, London, Eng.) Swedish film and stage actress. After appearing in Intermezzo in Sweden, she went to the U.S. to act in the English-language version (1939). Her radiance and unaffected charm made her a star in films such as Casablanca (1942), Gaslight (1944, Academy Award), and Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946). The scandal caused by her love affair with Roberto Rossellini (1949) kept her off the U.S. screen for seven years, and she made films in Europe before being welcomed back to Hollywood in Anastasia (1956, Academy Award). Her later films include Indiscreet (1958) and Murder on the Orient Express (1974, Academy Award).

Learn more about Bergman, Ingrid with a free trial on Britannica.com.

Bergman is a town in Boone County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 407 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Harrison Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography

Bergman is located at (36.312794, -93.011194).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.4 km² (1.3 mi²), all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 407 people, 155 households, and 110 families residing in the town. The population density was 120.9/km² (312.9/mi²). There were 169 housing units at an average density of 50.2/km² (129.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.81% White, 0.49% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.25% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. 0.74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 155 households out of which 44.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the town the population was spread out with 31.0% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $37,708. Males had a median income of $27,778 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,928. About 7.3% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 21.4% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links