The dominant language spoken in Balaoan is Ilocano. The patron saint of the town is St. Nicholas of Tolentino, whose feast day is celebrated on September. Additionally, a town fiesta is celebrated on December 21-23. The municipal zip code is 2517.
As of July 2007, the incumbent mayor is Atty. Al-Fred O. Concepcion. He is the oldest son of the late Judge Castor Concepcion, after whom the Balaoan National High School was posthumously named.
Balaoan can be reached from Manila using the MacArthur Highway, or via plane landing in Canaoay Airport in San Fernando City.
Balaoan is composed of 36 barangays. Four barangays compose the poblacion or town proper. The vast land area of 6,450 hectares consists mostly of agricultural lands. The municipality occupies 4.3% of the total area of the province. Among the barangays in the municipality, Nagsabaran Sur is the largest with 842 hectares or 13.05% of the municipality's land area and the smallest is Nalasin with only 33 hectares (0.51%).
The following is a list of barangays in Balaoan with their respective barangay captains:
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Balaoan, formerly "Puraw" (meaning "white') was originally part of Ilocos Sur. The town's present name originated during the Spanish colonial era. A group of Spanish soldiers were on patrol and went on to rest on a sitio. The villagers were curious about the soldiers because of their unusual descent and fair skin color. They flocked the soldiers touching their guns, too afraid that the guns might explode accidentally, one villager asked the soldier in a local vernacular.. "Aoan bala?" (meaning "No bullets?"). The soldier did not understand what the villager meant, he uttered the last word first, and remembering the last, he said "Bala-aoan".
During the Spanish occupation in the Philippines, a secret society of insurectos was organized in the municipality. Its purpose was to fight and revolt against the Spanish Government in the area. On the eve of the revolution, a traitor told the Spanish of their plan. The Spanish soldiers, without any investigation arrested seven members of the secret society, and executed them the same night.
One escaped with only leg wounds, he was Fernando Ostrea. He informed the people about what has happened. In memory of the seven Martyrs, a masonic lodge, Siete Martires Lodge No. 177, was organized.