Arnold, Benedict, 1741-1801, American Revolutionary general and traitor, b. Norwich, Conn. As a youth he served for a time in the colonial militia in the French and Indian Wars. He later became a prosperous trader. Early in the Revolution, his expedition against Fort Ticonderoga joined that of Ethan Allen, and the joint command took the fort. Arnold pushed on to the northern end of Lake Champlain, where he destroyed a number of ships and a British fort. In the Quebec campaign, he invaded Canada (1775) by way of the Maine forests. After a grueling march, the exhausted force reached Quebec. Richard Montgomery arrived from Montreal, and the two small armies launched an unsuccessful assault on Dec. 31, 1775. Arnold was wounded but continued the siege until spring, when Sir Guy Carleton forced him back to Lake Champlain. There he built a small fleet that, although defeated, halted the British advance.

In Feb., 1777, Congress, despite General Washington's protests, promoted five brigadier generals of junior rank to major generalships over Arnold's head. This and subsequent slights by Congress embittered Arnold and may in part have motivated his later treason. Although he soon won promotion by his spectacular defense (1777) against William Tryon in Connecticut, his seniority was not restored. In the Saratoga campaign, his relief of Fort Stanwix and his brilliant campaigning under Horatio Gates played a decisive part in the American victory. He became (1778) commander of Philadelphia, after the British evacuation, and there married Peggy Shippen, whose family had Loyalist sympathies.

In 1779 he was court-martialed because of disputes with civil authorities. He was cleared of all except minor charges and was reprimanded by Washington; nevertheless he was given (1780) command of West Point. He had already begun a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton in New York City, and now arranged to betray West Point in exchange for a British commission and money. The plot was discovered with the capture of John André, but Arnold escaped. In 1781, in the British service, he led two savage raids—against Virginia and against New London, Conn.—before going into exile in England and Canada, where he was generally scorned and unrewarded.

Arnold, Sir Edwin, 1832-1904, English author. After serving as principal of the government college in Pune, India, he joined (1861) the staff of the London Daily Telegraph. He won fame for his blank-verse epic The Light of Asia (1879), dealing with the life of Buddha. The poem was attacked for its alleged distortion of Buddhist doctrine and for its tolerant attitude toward a non-Christian religion. Besides other volumes of poetry, he wrote a number of picturesque travel books and translated Asian literature.

Arnold, Henry Harley, 1886-1950, American general, chief of the U.S. Army Air Forces (1942-46), known as "Hap" Arnold, B. Gladwyne, Pa., grad. West Point, 1907. Assigned (1911) to the aviation division of the Signal Corps, Arnold later served almost entirely with the air arm. He was chief of the Air Corps from 1938 to 1940, when he became deputy chief of staff for the air. Chief of the U.S. Army Air Forces throughout World War II, Arnold was made (1944) general of the army and, after the creation of the air force as a separate department, was made (June, 1949) general of the air force; both of these were five-star ranks. He wrote a number of books, several of them with I. C. Eaker.

Arnold, Matthew, 1822-88, English poet and critic, son of the educator Dr. Thomas Arnold.

Arnold was educated at Rugby; graduated from Balliol College, Oxford in 1844; and was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford in 1845. In 1851, after a period as secretary to the 3d marquess of Lansdowne, Arnold was appointed inspector of schools, a position he held until 1886, two years before his death. During his tenure he went on a number of missions to European schools. He was impressed with some educational systems on the Continent—most particularly the concept of state-regulated secondary education—and wrote several works about them.

His first volume of poems, The Strayed Reveller, appeared in 1849; it was followed by Empedocles on Etna (1852). Dissatisfied with both works, he withdrew them from circulation. Poems (1853) contained verse from the earlier volumes as well as new poems, including "The Scholar Gypsy" and "Sohrab and Rustum." Poems: Second Series appeared in 1855 and was followed by Merope: A Tragedy (1858) and New Poems (1867); the latter volume included "Thyrsis," his famous elegy on Arthur Hugh Clough.

Arnold's verse is characterized by restraint, directness, and symmetry. Though he believed that poetry should be objective, his verse exemplifies the romantic pessimism of the 19th cent., an age torn between science and religion. His feelings of spiritual isolation are reflected in such poems as "Dover Beach" and "Isolation: To Marguerite."

Matthew Arnold was also one of the most important literary critics of his age. From 1857 to 1867 he was Professor of Poetry at Oxford; during this time he wrote his first books of criticism, including On Translating Homer (1861), Essays in Criticism (1865; Ser. 2, 1888), and On the Study of Celtic Literature (1867). In Culture and Anarchy (1869) and Friendship's Garland (1871) he widened his field to include social criticism. Arnold's interest in religion resulted in St. Paul and Protestantism (1870), Literature and Dogma (1873), and Last Essays on Church and Religion (1877). In the 1880s he gave several lectures in the United States, which were published as Discourses in America (1885).

Arnold was the apostle of a new culture, one that would pursue perfection through a knowledge and understanding of the best that has been thought and said in the world. He attacked the taste and manners of 19th-century English society, particularly as displayed by the "Philistines," the narrow and provincial middle class. Strongly believing that the welfare of a nation is contingent upon its intellectual life, he proclaimed that intellectual life is best served by an unrestricted, objective criticism that is free from personal, political, and practical considerations.

Arnold, Thomas, 1795-1842, English educator, b. Isle of Wight, educated at Winchester school and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1815 to 1819, was ordained deacon in 1818, and was from 1827 to 1842 headmaster of Rugby school, where he brought about many changes. Mathematics, modern languages, and modern history were added to the traditional classical curriculum, the monitorial system was introduced, and independent thought was encouraged. Arnold's reforms were influential beyond Rugby itself; his changes were adopted by most of the English secondary schools. Through the medium of his weekly sermons to his students in Rugby Chapel, Arnold inculcated the Christian principles and ideals that formed the core of his own religious convictions. An effective preacher, Arnold was an excellent classical scholar and historian as well. An edition of Thucydides (1835), History of Rome (3 vol., 1838-43; to the Punic Wars), and History of the Later Roman Commonwealth (pub. posthumously, 1845) are among the products of a lifetime of study. Arnold's expression of liberal political and theological views made him unpopular, however, and general recognition was not accorded him until 1841, when he was appointed regius professor of modern history at Oxford. Matthew Arnold was his son and Mary Augusta (Mrs. Humphry) Ward his granddaughter. Thomas Arnold is portrayed in Tom Brown's Schooldays (1857), a novel about life at Rugby by Thomas Hughes.

Geulincx, Arnold, 1624-69, Flemish Cartesian philosopher, b. Antwerp. One of the founders of occasionalism, his philosophy is characterized by a curious blending of rationalism and mysticism. Arguing that God is the sole active power, he denied any real interaction between finite things, which serve merely as "occasional causes." He explained the relationship between mind and body by the analogy of two clocks that are synchronized by God at each instant. Although there is no interaction, there is a continual harmony between them. His principal works, which appeared posthumously, were Ethica (1675) and Metaphysica vera (1691).

Schoenberg, Arnold, 1874-1951, Austrian composer, b. Vienna. Before he became a U.S. citizen in 1941 he spelled his name Schönberg. He revolutionized modern music by abandoning tonality and developing a twelve-tone, "serial" technique of composition (see serial music). Except for periods in Berlin (1901-3; 1911-18), he lived in Vienna until 1925. In 1918 he founded his famous private seminar in composition and the Society for Private Musical Performances, at which neither critics nor applause were allowed. Though he himself had little formal instruction in music, teaching was a major activity throughout his life. Among his many students the most noted were Alban Berg and Anton von Webern. He taught at the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin from 1925 to 1933, when he fled the Nazis, emigrated to the United States, and taught for a year at the Malkin Conservatory, Boston. He then went to Hollywood and was professor of music at the Univ. of Southern California (1935-36) and the Univ. of California at Los Angeles (1936-44).

In his early works—Verklärte Nacht (1899), a string sextet; Gurrelieder (1900-1), a cantata for chorus and orchestra; and Pelleas und Melisande (1902-3), a symphonic poem—Schoenberg expanded the chromatic style established by Wagner and Mahler. His later works are thinner in texture and highly contrapuntal. In 1908 in a set of piano pieces and the song cycle Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, to poems of Stefan George, he completely abandoned tonality (see atonality). His use of Sprechstimme, halfway between song and speech, caused a sensation at the first performance in 1912 of the song cycle Pierrot Lunaire. The twelve-tone technique he devised, used to some extent in five piano pieces and a Serenade in 1923, was first employed throughout a work in the Suite for Piano (1924). Though he did not invent serial technique, he established it as an important organizational device in music. His other works include two chamber symphonies (1906; 1906-40) and Variations for Orchestra (1928); string quartets, a woodwind quintet (1924), and Suite for 7 Instruments (1926); a violin concerto (1936) and a piano concerto (1942); the monodrama Erwartung (1909) and an unfinished opera, Moses und Aron (1932-51; produced 1957), considered his masterpiece; Ode to Napoleon (1942), to Byron's poem, for male speaker, piano and strings; A Survivor from Warsaw (1947), for narrator, chorus and orchestra; and Fantasia (1949), for violin and piano.

Bennett, Arnold (Enoch Arnold Bennett), 1867-1931, English novelist and dramatist. One of the great 20th-century English novelists, Bennett is famous for his realistic novels about the "Five Towns," an imaginary manufacturing district in northern England. Bennett's early career included editing the fashionable magazine Woman and writing literary reviews and articles. About 1900 he began to devote himself industriously to his own work, producing a series of excellent regional novels. Influenced by the naturalism of Zola, he depicted in great detail the grim, sometimes sordid, lives of shopkeepers and potters. His attitude toward his characters was one of affectionate sympathy, and he always managed to make their mundane lives interesting. Bennett's best work is contained in his novels of the "Five Towns," which include Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), the trilogy Clayhanger (1910), Hilda Lessways (1911), and These Twain (1916). Bennett also achieved considerable success as a playwright, most notably with Milestones (1912), written with Edward Knoblock, and The Great Adventure (1913).

Böcklin or Boecklin, Arnold, 1827-1901, Swiss painter. Most of his life was spent in Italy. With Feuerbach he led the group of painters known as "German Romans," who attempted to express an idealistic philosophy through art. His carefully constructed works are largely classical in theme and often theatrical in sentiment. Among his paintings are Island of the Dead (Metropolitan Mus.) and mythological frescoes (Basel).

Boecklin, Arnold: see Böcklin, Arnold.

Palmer, Arnold, 1929-, American golfer, b. Latrobe, Pa. The son of a professional golfer, he won three regional titles in his youth. Turning professional after winning the 1954 U.S. amateur championship, he won the 1955 Canadian Open. Palmer won the Masters tournament in 1958, 1960, 1962, and 1964, becoming the first four-time winner; the U.S. Open in 1960; and the British Open in 1961 and 1962. A great fan favorite, followed enthusiastically by "Arnie's Army," he had a noted long-term rivalry with Jack Nicklaus. In 1967 he became the first golf professional to win more than $1 million.

Rothstein, Arnold, 1883-1928, American gambler, b. New York City. Supposedly beginning his career at the age of 12, Rothstein became a professional gambler and operated gaming houses in New York City, Saratoga Springs, N.Y., and Long Beach, N.Y. He had a reputation for betting large amounts of money, and once bet $140,000 on a horse and $100,000 on a single throw of the dice. He also operated a racing stable, a real estate business, and a bail bond operation. Rothstein was believed to have contacts in high places and was often accused of being the mastermind behind large gambling scandals (in particular the "Black Sox" baseball scandal of 1919, where eight members of the Chicago White Sox confessed to accepting bribes to throw that year's World Series to Cincinnati). While playing cards in a hotel room he was murdered—allegedly for reneging on a bet. His murderer or murderers were never identified.

Houbraken, Arnold, 1660-1719, Dutch painter, etcher, and author of The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters (3 vol., 1718-21), containing important biographies. His son Jacobus Houbraken, 1698-1780, a well-known engraver, worked chiefly in Amsterdam, executing over 500 portraits and book illustrations including those for his father's volumes.

Toynbee, Arnold, 1852-83, English economic historian, philosopher, and reformer. After his graduation in 1878 he was a tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, and was active in reform work outside the university, particularly among the London poor. His influence on his students and contemporaries was great, although he lived to be only 31. Toynbee was interested in applying historical method to the study of economics. He objected to Marxism, believing that the best interests of labor and capital lay in cooperation. His lectures to workingmen were published as Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England (1884), a pioneer work in economic history. Toynbee Hall in London, the first settlement house, was named for him.

Wesker, Arnold, 1932-, English playwright, b. London. At various times he has been a carpenter's mate, a seed sorter, and a pastry cook. His plays Chicken Soup with Barley (1958), Roots (1958), and I'm Talking about Jerusalem (1960) form a trilogy about a family of Jewish Communist intellectuals. His socialist point of view is reflected in his other plays, notably The Kitchen (1961), Chips with Everything (1962), and The Four Seasons (1969). His later plays include The Wedding Feast (1974) and The Old Ones (1972), which describes the enforced isolation of the elderly.

Zweig, Arnold, 1887-1968, German novelist and dramatist. A Zionist, he was denationalized under National Socialism and went to Palestine. There he wrote about the plight of German Jews in Insulted and Exiled (1933, tr. 1937). After 1948 he returned to live in East Germany. Zweig's realistic novels are characterized by profound humanity and ironic style; the best known, which form a trilogy, are Education before Verdun (1935, tr. 1936), The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927, tr. 1927), and The Crowning of a King (1937, tr. 1938). His powerful fictional study of life in Germany in 1937, The Axe of Wandsbek, appeared in 1947 (tr. 1947). Among his later works are Five Romances (tr. 1959). His reminiscences were published in 1967.

Daly, Arnold, 1875-1927, American actor, b. Brooklyn, N.Y. He first appeared on the stage in 1892. Inspired by Richard Mansfield's production of The Devil's Disciple (1897-98), Daly determined to present Shaw on the American stage, and in 1903 he came into prominence when he played successfully in Candida. His production of Mrs. Warren's Profession (1905) caused an uproar and the arrest of the principal actors, but they were immediately acquitted. The following year Daly toured with Arms and the Man and The Man of Destiny.

(born Nov. 10, 1887, Glogau, Silesia, Ger.—died Nov. 26, 1968, East Berlin, E.Ger.) German writer. Zweig, who was Jewish, was exiled from Germany by the Nazis in 1933. He lived as an émigré in Palestine until 1948, when he moved to East Germany. He is best known for the novel The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927), which depicts the German army in World War I through a Russian prisoner's tragic encounter with the Prussian military bureaucracy. Later works, including Education Before Verdun (1935) and The Crowning of a King (1937), follow the fortunes of characters he introduced in Sergeant Grischa.

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(born April 14, 1889, London, Eng.—died Oct. 22, 1975, York, North Yorkshire) English historian. Long a professor at the University of London and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Toynbee also held positions with the British Foreign Office. He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934–61), which put forward a philosophy of history, based on an analysis of the development and decline of 26 civilizations. Criticisms of his Study include his use of myths and metaphors as being of comparable value to factual data and his reliance on a view of religion as a regenerative force. His other works include Civilization on Trial (1948), East to West (1958), and Hellenism (1959).

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known as Doctor Arnold

(born June 13, 1795, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, Eng.—died June 12, 1842, Rugby, Warwickshire) British educator. A classical scholar, he became headmaster in 1828 of Rugby School, which was in a state of decline. He revived Rugby by reforming its curriculum, athletics program, and social structure (in the prefect system he introduced, older boys served as house monitors to keep discipline among younger boys), becoming in the process the preeminent figure in British education. In 1841 he was named Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. In addition to several volumes of sermons, he wrote a three-volume History of Rome (1838–43). He was the father of Matthew Arnold and grandfather of the novelist Mrs. Humphry Ward (1851–1920).

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(born April 23, 1813, Brandon, Vt., U.S.—died June 3, 1861, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. politician. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1843–47) and Senate (1847–61), where he strongly supported the Union and national expansion. To settle the bitter dispute over the extension of slavery to the territories, he developed the policy of popular sovereignty. He was influential in the passage of the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Short and heavyset, he was dubbed “the Little Giant” for his oratorical skill. In 1858 he engaged in a number of widely publicized debates with Abraham Lincoln in a close contest for the Senate seat in Illinois (see Lincoln-Douglas Debates). The Democrats nominated Douglas for president in 1860, but a splinter group of Southerners nominated John C. Breckinridge, which divided the Democratic vote and gave the presidency to Lincoln. In 1861 he undertook a mission for Lincoln to gain support for the Union among the Southern border states and in the Northwest. His untimely death of typhoid was partly a result of these exertions.

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(born Nov. 8, 1883, London, Eng.—died Oct. 3, 1953, Cork, County Cork, Ire.) British composer. Born into a wealthy family, he was free to compose throughout his life and consequently wrote prolifically. His early works, influenced by the poetry of William Butler Yeats, frequently evoke Celtic legend. His compositions include seven symphonies, the orchestral works Spring Fire (1913), November Woods (1917), and Tintagel (1919), piano sonatas, string quartets, and numerous vocal works.

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(born July 30, 1947, Graz, Austria) Austrian-born U.S. film actor and politician. A bodybuilder in Austria, he moved to the U.S. in 1968 and won the h1 of Mr. Universe five times and Mr. Olympia seven times before retiring undefeated in 1980. After appearing in the documentary Pumping Iron (1977), he starred in Conan the Barbarian (1982) and its sequel Conan the Destroyer (1984). Noted for his extraordinary physique and heavy accent, he became an international star with The Terminator (1984) and its sequels (1991, 2003). His other films include Kindergarten Cop (1990), Total Recall (1990), True Lies (1994), and The 6th Day (2000). In 2003 Schwarzenegger was elected governor of California in a recall election.

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(born Sept. 10, 1929, Latrobe, Pa., U.S.) U.S. golfer. The son of a greenskeeper, Palmer turned professional in 1954 after winning the U.S. Amateur championship. He was the first player to win the Masters Tournament four times (1958, 1960, 1962, 1964); his other major h1s include the U.S. Open (1960) and the British Open (1961–62). From 1954 through 1975 he won 61 tournaments. He won the PGA Senior Open in 1980 and 1981. He was the first golfer to earn $1,000,000 in tournament prize money. His exciting play and amiable personality won him wide popularity among fans, who became known as “Arnie's Army.” Palmer was also the first athlete to parlay success on the playing field into lucrative off-the-field contracts, and thus he paved the way for athletes who followed to earn substantial sums from endorsement contracts.

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(born March 3, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died June 6, 2006, New York) U.S. photographer. He studied art at the University of Miami, then worked in the photography studio of a Miami department store. In 1946 he opened his own studio in New York City, where he specialized in portraits of well-known people posed in settings associated with their work. His “environmental portraiture” greatly influenced 20th-century portrait photography. His best-known portraits include those of Max Ernst, Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O'Keeffe, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, and Jean Cocteau.

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(born Dec. 24, 1822, Laleham, Middlesex, Eng.—died April 15, 1888, Liverpool) English poet and literary and social critic. Son of the educator Thomas Arnold, he attended Oxford and then worked as an inspector of schools for the rest of his life. His verse includes “Dover Beach,” his most celebrated work; “Sohrab and Rustum,” a romantic epic; and “The Scholar Gipsy” and “Thyrsis.” Culture and Anarchy (1869), his central work of criticism, is a masterpiece of ridicule as well as a searching analysis of Victorian society. In a later essay, “The Study of Poetry,” he argued that, in an age of crumbling creeds, poetry would replace religion and that therefore readers would have to understand how to distinguish the best poetry from the inferior.

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known as Hap Arnold

(born June 25, 1886, Gladwyne, Pa., U.S.—died Jan. 15, 1950, Sonoma, Calif.) U.S. air force officer. He attended West Point and initially served in the infantry. Volunteering as a flyer, he received instruction from Orville Wright. After World War I, with Billy Mitchell he became an eloquent advocate of an expanded air force. He rose through the ranks of the U.S. Army Air Corps to become its commander in 1938, and he commanded the Army Air Forces worldwide during World War II, overseeing a massive buildup and greatly influencing air bombardment strategy. He was named general of the army in 1944 and, after the National Defense Act of 1947 created an independent Air Force, general of the Air Force.

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known as Philaretus

(born Jan. 31, 1624, Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands—died November 1669, Leiden, Neth.) Flemish metaphysician and logician. He taught at the University of Louvain from 1646 but was dismissed in 1658, probably because of his sympathy with Jansenism. He took refuge at Leiden, where he became a Calvinist. He lived in poverty until 1662, when he obtained a position at the University of Leiden. He was a major exponent of the doctrine known as occasionalism. His major works include On Virtue (1665), Know Thyself (1675), and True Metaphysics (1691).

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(born April 23, 1813, Brandon, Vt., U.S.—died June 3, 1861, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. politician. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1843–47) and Senate (1847–61), where he strongly supported the Union and national expansion. To settle the bitter dispute over the extension of slavery to the territories, he developed the policy of popular sovereignty. He was influential in the passage of the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Short and heavyset, he was dubbed “the Little Giant” for his oratorical skill. In 1858 he engaged in a number of widely publicized debates with Abraham Lincoln in a close contest for the Senate seat in Illinois (see Lincoln-Douglas Debates). The Democrats nominated Douglas for president in 1860, but a splinter group of Southerners nominated John C. Breckinridge, which divided the Democratic vote and gave the presidency to Lincoln. In 1861 he undertook a mission for Lincoln to gain support for the Union among the Southern border states and in the Northwest. His untimely death of typhoid was partly a result of these exertions.

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(born May 27, 1867, Hanley, Staffordshire, Eng.—died March 27, 1931, London) English novelist, playwright, critic, and essayist. His major works, inspired by Gustave Flaubert and Honoré de Balzac, form an important link between the English novel and the mainstream of European realism. He is best known for his highly detailed novels of the “Five Towns”—the Potteries in his native Staffordshire—which are the setting of Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), and the three novels that make up The Clayhanger Family (1925). He was also a well-known critic.

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(born Jan. 14, 1741, Norwich, Conn.—died June 14, 1801, London, Eng.) American army officer and traitor. He joined the American Revolutionary army in 1775 and contributed to American victories at the Battle of Ticonderoga, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., and at the Battle of Saratoga, where he was seriously wounded. He was made a major general and placed in command of Philadelphia, where he lived extravagantly and socialized with wealthy loyalist sympathizers, one of whom he married in 1779. Reprimanded for fiscal irregularities in his command, he began secret overtures to the British. After receiving command of the fort at West Point, N.Y. (1780), he offered to surrender it to the British for £20,000. The plot was uncovered after his British contact, John André, was captured. Arnold escaped on a British ship to England, where he died penniless.

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(born Nov. 8, 1883, London, Eng.—died Oct. 3, 1953, Cork, County Cork, Ire.) British composer. Born into a wealthy family, he was free to compose throughout his life and consequently wrote prolifically. His early works, influenced by the poetry of William Butler Yeats, frequently evoke Celtic legend. His compositions include seven symphonies, the orchestral works Spring Fire (1913), November Woods (1917), and Tintagel (1919), piano sonatas, string quartets, and numerous vocal works.

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known as Doctor Arnold

(born June 13, 1795, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, Eng.—died June 12, 1842, Rugby, Warwickshire) British educator. A classical scholar, he became headmaster in 1828 of Rugby School, which was in a state of decline. He revived Rugby by reforming its curriculum, athletics program, and social structure (in the prefect system he introduced, older boys served as house monitors to keep discipline among younger boys), becoming in the process the preeminent figure in British education. In 1841 he was named Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. In addition to several volumes of sermons, he wrote a three-volume History of Rome (1838–43). He was the father of Matthew Arnold and grandfather of the novelist Mrs. Humphry Ward (1851–1920).

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(born Dec. 24, 1822, Laleham, Middlesex, Eng.—died April 15, 1888, Liverpool) English poet and literary and social critic. Son of the educator Thomas Arnold, he attended Oxford and then worked as an inspector of schools for the rest of his life. His verse includes “Dover Beach,” his most celebrated work; “Sohrab and Rustum,” a romantic epic; and “The Scholar Gipsy” and “Thyrsis.” Culture and Anarchy (1869), his central work of criticism, is a masterpiece of ridicule as well as a searching analysis of Victorian society. In a later essay, “The Study of Poetry,” he argued that, in an age of crumbling creeds, poetry would replace religion and that therefore readers would have to understand how to distinguish the best poetry from the inferior.

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known as Hap Arnold

(born June 25, 1886, Gladwyne, Pa., U.S.—died Jan. 15, 1950, Sonoma, Calif.) U.S. air force officer. He attended West Point and initially served in the infantry. Volunteering as a flyer, he received instruction from Orville Wright. After World War I, with Billy Mitchell he became an eloquent advocate of an expanded air force. He rose through the ranks of the U.S. Army Air Corps to become its commander in 1938, and he commanded the Army Air Forces worldwide during World War II, overseeing a massive buildup and greatly influencing air bombardment strategy. He was named general of the army in 1944 and, after the National Defense Act of 1947 created an independent Air Force, general of the Air Force.

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(born Jan. 14, 1741, Norwich, Conn.—died June 14, 1801, London, Eng.) American army officer and traitor. He joined the American Revolutionary army in 1775 and contributed to American victories at the Battle of Ticonderoga, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y., and at the Battle of Saratoga, where he was seriously wounded. He was made a major general and placed in command of Philadelphia, where he lived extravagantly and socialized with wealthy loyalist sympathizers, one of whom he married in 1779. Reprimanded for fiscal irregularities in his command, he began secret overtures to the British. After receiving command of the fort at West Point, N.Y. (1780), he offered to surrender it to the British for £20,000. The plot was uncovered after his British contact, John André, was captured. Arnold escaped on a British ship to England, where he died penniless.

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(born Nov. 10, 1887, Glogau, Silesia, Ger.—died Nov. 26, 1968, East Berlin, E.Ger.) German writer. Zweig, who was Jewish, was exiled from Germany by the Nazis in 1933. He lived as an émigré in Palestine until 1948, when he moved to East Germany. He is best known for the novel The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927), which depicts the German army in World War I through a Russian prisoner's tragic encounter with the Prussian military bureaucracy. Later works, including Education Before Verdun (1935) and The Crowning of a King (1937), follow the fortunes of characters he introduced in Sergeant Grischa.

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(born July 30, 1947, Graz, Austria) Austrian-born U.S. film actor and politician. A bodybuilder in Austria, he moved to the U.S. in 1968 and won the h1 of Mr. Universe five times and Mr. Olympia seven times before retiring undefeated in 1980. After appearing in the documentary Pumping Iron (1977), he starred in Conan the Barbarian (1982) and its sequel Conan the Destroyer (1984). Noted for his extraordinary physique and heavy accent, he became an international star with The Terminator (1984) and its sequels (1991, 2003). His other films include Kindergarten Cop (1990), Total Recall (1990), True Lies (1994), and The 6th Day (2000). In 2003 Schwarzenegger was elected governor of California in a recall election.

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(born April 14, 1889, London, Eng.—died Oct. 22, 1975, York, North Yorkshire) English historian. Long a professor at the University of London and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Toynbee also held positions with the British Foreign Office. He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934–61), which put forward a philosophy of history, based on an analysis of the development and decline of 26 civilizations. Criticisms of his Study include his use of myths and metaphors as being of comparable value to factual data and his reliance on a view of religion as a regenerative force. His other works include Civilization on Trial (1948), East to West (1958), and Hellenism (1959).

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known as Philaretus

(born Jan. 31, 1624, Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands—died November 1669, Leiden, Neth.) Flemish metaphysician and logician. He taught at the University of Louvain from 1646 but was dismissed in 1658, probably because of his sympathy with Jansenism. He took refuge at Leiden, where he became a Calvinist. He lived in poverty until 1662, when he obtained a position at the University of Leiden. He was a major exponent of the doctrine known as occasionalism. His major works include On Virtue (1665), Know Thyself (1675), and True Metaphysics (1691).

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(born Sept. 10, 1929, Latrobe, Pa., U.S.) U.S. golfer. The son of a greenskeeper, Palmer turned professional in 1954 after winning the U.S. Amateur championship. He was the first player to win the Masters Tournament four times (1958, 1960, 1962, 1964); his other major h1s include the U.S. Open (1960) and the British Open (1961–62). From 1954 through 1975 he won 61 tournaments. He won the PGA Senior Open in 1980 and 1981. He was the first golfer to earn $1,000,000 in tournament prize money. His exciting play and amiable personality won him wide popularity among fans, who became known as “Arnie's Army.” Palmer was also the first athlete to parlay success on the playing field into lucrative off-the-field contracts, and thus he paved the way for athletes who followed to earn substantial sums from endorsement contracts.

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(born March 3, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died June 6, 2006, New York) U.S. photographer. He studied art at the University of Miami, then worked in the photography studio of a Miami department store. In 1946 he opened his own studio in New York City, where he specialized in portraits of well-known people posed in settings associated with their work. His “environmental portraiture” greatly influenced 20th-century portrait photography. His best-known portraits include those of Max Ernst, Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O'Keeffe, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, and Jean Cocteau.

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Arnold is a census-designated place (CDP) in Calaveras County, California, United States. The population was 4,218 at the 2000 census. Arnold is located on State Route 4.

History

Arnold is named after Bob and Bernice Arnold, who, in 1927 opened the Ebbetts Pass Inn. Prior to that, the community consisted of two large ranches where logging was the main industry. The inn served as a stop for people traveling along the Ebbetts Pass route as well as lodging for those visiting nearby Calaveras Big Trees State Park. In 1928, Camp Wolfeboro was established nearby as a Boy Scout camp and continues to be in operation today.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.9 square miles (38.6 km²), of which, 14.8 square miles (38.4 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (0.47%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,218 people, 1,864 households, and 1,325 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 284.5 people per square mile (109.9/km²). There were 4,456 housing units at an average density of 300.6/sq mi (116.1/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.12% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.95% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 2.37% from two or more races. 3.34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,864 households out of which 21.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.65.

In the CDP the population was spread out with 18.8% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 19.1% from 25 to 44, 36.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,785, and the median income for a family was $49,364. Males had a median income of $42,941 versus $22,344 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,169. About 7.6% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

In the state legislature Arnold is located in the 1st Senate District, represented by Republican Dave Cox, and in the 25th Assembly District, represented by Republican Tom Berryhill. Federally, Arnold is located in California's 3rd congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of R +7 and is represented by Republican Dan Lungren.

References

External links

• Arnold, California weather
• Arnold Travel Information